Earth's Low-Latitude Boundary Layer

Earth\'s Low-Latitude Boundary Layer......Page 3
Copyright\r......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 5
PREFACE......Page 9
THEORY RELATED TO BOUNDARY LAYERS......Page 11
CUSP AND PLASMA MANTLE OBSERVATIONS......Page 12
TAIL FLANK BOUNDARY LAYER......Page 13
SUMMARY......Page 17
APPENDIX. PERSONAL REFLECTIONS......Page 18
REFERENCES......Page 19
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 22
2. QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTION......Page 23
3.1. The ionosphere......Page 24
3.2. The coupling region......Page 25
3.3. The equatorial LLBL.......Page 26
3.4- Velocity distribution in the LLBL......Page 27
3.5. Electric current distribution.......Page 29
4.1. Self-consistent magnetic field in the LLBL.......Page 34
4-2. Slow LLBL evolution in the flow direction.......Page 35
4.3. Time-dependent flow in the LLBL......Page 36
5. LLBL PARTLY ON OPEN FIELD LINES......Page 37
REFERENCES......Page 40
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 42
2. APPROACH......Page 43
3. NORTHWARD IMF RESULTS......Page 44
4. SOUTHWARD IMF RESULTS......Page 47
5. DISCUSSION......Page 49
REFERENCES......Page 51
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 53
1.1 The MHD Model......Page 54
3. RESULTS......Page 55
REFERENCES......Page 59
INTRODUCTION......Page 61
SIGNATURES AND PROPERTIES OF KH MODES IN 2D......Page 62
Magnetic and Plasma Signatures......Page 63
RECONNECTION IN NONLINEAR KH WAVES......Page 65
KH Modes and Reconnection in Three Dimensions......Page 67
DISCUSSION......Page 68
REFERENCES......Page 69
1.1 Cluster: Mission, Spacecraft and Orbit......Page 71
2. MAGNETOPAUSE......Page 72
2.1 Magnetopause Orientation and Motion......Page 73
3. CUSP......Page 74
4. MAGNETOSHEATH......Page 76
REFERENCES......Page 77
1.1. Low-latitude Dayside Magnetopause......Page 78
2. INSTRUMENTATION AND DATA SETS......Page 79
3. INTERB ALL-1 AND MAGION-4 OBSERVATIONS......Page 80
4. DISCUSSION......Page 84
REFERENCES......Page 87
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 90
2. DATA SETS......Page 91
3.2. May 15, 1996......Page 92
3.3. April 29, 1996......Page 93
4. DISCUSSION......Page 94
5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 96
REFERENCES......Page 97
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 99
2. OBSERVATIONS......Page 100
3. DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY......Page 103
REFERENCES......Page 104
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 106
2.2. High Latitude Boundary during JMF Southward......Page 108
2.3. High Latitude Boundary during JMF Northward......Page 109
3.1. Open field line during IMF southward......Page 110
3.2. Closed field line for the IMF northward......Page 113
REFERENCES......Page 114
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 116
2. OBSERVATIONS OF BOUNDARY LAYER FORMATION THROUGH HIGH-LATITUDE RECONNECTION......Page 119
3. DISCUSSION......Page 123
4. REFERENCES......Page 124
1.1. In-situ Observations......Page 126
1.4. Theoretical LLBL Models......Page 127
2.1. Assumptions......Page 128
2.2. Entry Mechanism......Page 129
2.3. Driving Mechanism......Page 130
3.1. Global Model Description......Page 131
3.2. Summary of Model Predictions......Page 132
4. SUMMARY......Page 133
REFERENCES......Page 134
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 136
2. DMSP OBSERVATIONS......Page 137
3. THE BMXR MECHANISM......Page 139
4. ELECTRON DATA AND THECLOSED LLBL......Page 140
5. DISCUSSION......Page 141
REFERENCES......Page 142
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 144
2. A 3-D MODEL OF MAGNETOPAUSE TOPOLOGY......Page 145
3.1. Database......Page 146
3.3. Statistical study of the HLBL crossings......Page 147
4.1. Coordinate system for LLBL......Page 148
4.2. LLBL types and results of the statistical study......Page 149
5. DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY......Page 151
REFERENCES......Page 152
2. TEMPORAL SHEATH INJECTIONS IN THE LLBL......Page 154
2.2 High-Altitude Observations......Page 155
2.3 Mid-altitude Observations......Page 156
3.2 Mid-altitude Observations......Page 157
4.2 Case Studies of Individual Arcs......Page 159
5. SUMMARY......Page 160
REFERENCES......Page 161
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 162
2. MODEL FOR PLASMA TRANSFER......Page 164
3.2. The Transition Parameter......Page 165
3.4- One Example of an Injection Event......Page 166
3.6. Mapping of the Magnetopause Current Layer......Page 167
3.7. Magnetopause: Field-aligned Particles on Bn......Page 168
4-1. Reversing Tangential Electric Field Et......Page 169
5.4- Massive Anti-sunward Flow in the LLBL......Page 170
7.4- Strong Sporadic Field-aligned Acceleration......Page 171
REFERENCES......Page 172
1. PREREQUISITES OF THE IMPULSIVE PENETRATION MODEL......Page 174
2. DISTRIBUTION OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD......Page 175
3. NUMERICAL INTEGRATION OF PARTICLEORBITS......Page 176
4. POSITIVE DENSITY GRADIENTS INSIDE INTRUDING PLASMA BLOBS......Page 177
5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 181
REFERENCES......Page 182
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 183
2. MID-ALTITUDE SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS......Page 184
3. LOW-ALTITUDE SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS......Page 186
4. VARIOUS MECHANISMS OF PLASMA INJECTION......Page 187
6. CONCLUSIONS......Page 190
REFERENCES......Page 191
INTRODUCTION......Page 193
Instrument Description......Page 194
RESULTS......Page 195
Electrostatic Modes......Page 200
Electromagnetic Waves......Page 202
WAVE GENERATION MECHANISMS......Page 203
CROSS-FIELD DIFFUSION......Page 204
REFERENCES......Page 205
INTRODUCTION......Page 208
OBSERVATIONS......Page 209
Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability, KHI......Page 210
Flux Transfer Event, FTE......Page 211
SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION......Page 212
REFERENCES......Page 213
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 214
2. WAVE OBSERVATIONS AT THE MAGNETOPAUSE......Page 215
3. KINETIC ALFVEN WAVES AT THEMAGNETOPAUSE......Page 216
4. PLASMA HEATING AND PARTICLE TRANSPORT ASSOCIATED WITH KINETIC ALFVEN WAVES......Page 218
5. KINETIC ALFVEN WAVES AND ION HEATING......Page 219
6. SUMMARY......Page 222
REFERENCES......Page 223
1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND......Page 225
1.2. The Spatial Scale of Variations in Broadband ULF Waves......Page 226
3. OBSERVATIONS......Page 227
4. DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY......Page 230
REFERENCES......Page 232
High-Latitude Mapping of ULF Activity, Field-Aligned Currents, and DMSP-Based Dayside Magnetospheric Domains......Page 233
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 234
2.2. Ground-Based Experimental Facilities......Page 235
3. EXAMPLES......Page 236
3.3. Discussion of Examples......Page 237
4. CONCLUSIONS......Page 240
REFERENCES......Page 241
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 243
2.1. A Duskside Example: Vortex and CDPS......Page 244
2.3. A Duskside Example: Control by IMF......Page 247
3. DISCUSSION......Page 251
REFERENCES......Page 252
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 254
2. INSTRUMENTATION......Page 255
3.2. IMF Dependence......Page 256
4. WIND AND GEOTAIL TWO-SPACECRAFT CASE STUDY......Page 259
5.1. Diffusive Entry Including Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability......Page 261
5.2.1. Tail-flank boundary layermodelfornorthward IMF......Page 262
5.5. Summary of Model Comparison......Page 263
REFERENCES......Page 264
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 266
2. STATISTICAL STUDIES OF THE DENSE PLASMA SHEET......Page 267
3. CASE STUDIES ON 24 MARCH 1995 EVENT......Page 268
3.2. Mixed Ion Observation in the Tail-LLBL......Page 269
4. DISCUSSION......Page 270
REFERENCES......Page 272
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 274
3. METHOD FOR INFERRING PLASMA SHEET T, n, AND p FROM IONOSPHERIC OBSERVATIONS......Page 275
5. THE QUIET TIME 2D PLASMA SHEET 7, n, ANDp  PROFILES......Page 276
7. DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY......Page 280
REFERENCES......Page 282
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 284
3. OBSERVATIONS AT BOUNDARY LAYERS......Page 285
4. MULTIPLE SPACECRAFT POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED FIELD DIRECTIONS......Page 286
5. SIMULTANEOUS ION OBSERVATIONS:FLUXES AND ENERGY SPECTRA......Page 287
6. ION CHARGE STATE COMPOSITION......Page 288
7. TIMING OF ION FLUXES AND θBN......Page 289
9. CONCLUSIONS......Page 290
REFERENCES......Page 292
CONVECTION AND THE PRESSURE PROBLEM......Page 294
SOLVING FOR THE CONVECTION......Page 295
EFFECT ON THE LOW-LATITUDE BOUNDARYLAYER......Page 296
REFERENCES......Page 297
INTRODUCTION......Page 298
OBSERVATIONS......Page 301
DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY......Page 304
REFERENCES......Page 310
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 311
2.2. Anti-Parallel Reconnection......Page 312
3.1. An Absence of a LLBL during Southward IMF......Page 314
3.2. Timing of \'Events\'......Page 315
3.4. Transient Reconnection......Page 316
REFERENCES......Page 317
Bifurcation of the cusp: Implications for understanding boundary layers......Page 319
2. INTERACTIONS OF TILTED IEF PHASE PLANES WITH THE MAGNETOSPHERE......Page 320
2.1. IMF By spatially bifurcates the cusp......Page 324
4. BOUNDARY LAYER IMPLICATIONS OF HIGH-LATITUDE MERGING......Page 325
REFERENCES......Page 327
INTRODUCTION......Page 329
METHOD OF THE ANALYSIS......Page 330
EXPERIMENTAL DATA......Page 331
ESTIMATION OF VALUE OF FIELD-ALIGNED CURRENTS......Page 332
REFERENCES......Page 333
The Aurora as Monitor of Solar Wind-Magnetosphere Interactions......Page 335
2. SYNOPSIS OF MIDDAY AURORAE......Page 336
3.1. Case 1: January 4, 1995......Page 338
3.2. Case 1: Discussion......Page 340
3.3. Case 2: January 21, 1999......Page 341
5. AURORAL RESPONSE TO IMF NORTHWARD TURNING......Page 342
6. SUMMARY......Page 345
REFERENCES......Page 346
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 350
2. INTERPLANETARY CONDITIONS......Page 351
3. LARGE SCALE CURRENTS......Page 352
5. AURORAE......Page 353
6. DISCUSSION......Page 354
REFERENCES......Page 358
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 359
2.1. Interplanetary Conditions......Page 360
2.3. Auroral Micro-Structures Observed From Ground by Antarctic ASIs......Page 361
2.4. Geomagnetic Disturbances Detected by Greenland Magnetometers.......Page 364
4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION......Page 366
REFERENCES......Page 367
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 369
2. OBSERVATIONS......Page 370
3. DISCUSSION......Page 373
REFERENCES......Page 374
1. ILLUSTRATING BOUNDARY LAYER PROPERTIES WITH MHD SIMULSATIONS......Page 375
2. ILLUSTRATING OPEN AND CLOSED MAGNETOPAUSE BOUNDARY LAYERS......Page 376
3. ILLUSTRATING THE ORIGIN OF BOUNDARY LAYER PLASMA......Page 379
4. SUMMARY......Page 381
REFERENCES......Page 382