Earth's Climate

Earth\'s Climate: The Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 5
PREFACE......Page 7
A Global Survey of Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction and Climate Variability......Page 8
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 9
2. TROPICAL CLIMATE VARIABILITY......Page 10
3. EXTRATROPICAL CLIMATE VARIABILITY......Page 16
4. INTER-BASIN INFLUENCES AND INTERACTIONS......Page 18
REFERENCES......Page 23
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 27
2. OBSERVATIONS OF ENSO......Page 29
3. ENSO MECHANISMS......Page 30
4. EFFECTS OF HIGH-FREQUENCY VARIABILITY ON ENSO......Page 39
5. LOW-FREQUENCY VARIABILITY OF ENSO......Page 41
6. DISCUSSIONS AND THE FUTURE......Page 46
REFERENCES......Page 47
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 55
2. MAIN CHARACTERISTICS......Page 56
3. THE FORCED OCEAN RESPONSE......Page 59
4. THE RELATION BETWEEN WWES AND THE ENSO PHENOMENON......Page 65
5. CONCLUSION......Page 70
REFERENCES......Page 71
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 76
2. OBSERVATIONAL BACKGROUND......Page 77
3. NUMERICAL RESULTS......Page 79
4. DISCUSSION......Page 86
REFERENCES......Page 88
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 89
2. INDIAN AND SUBTROPICAL WESTERN PACIFIC OCEANS......Page 90
3. NORTH PACIFIC IN SUMMER OF YR0......Page 96
4. CONCLUSIONS......Page 102
REFERENCES......Page 104
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 108
2. TROPICALLY GENERATED PACIFIC DECADAL VARIABILITY AND ITS PREDICTABILITY......Page 109
3. PREDICTING DECADAL VARIATIONS OF EXTRATROPICAL ATMOSPHERE CIRCULATION FROM KNOWN SSTS......Page 112
4. PREDICTING THE RESPONSE OF THE NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN TO DECADALLY VARYING WINDS......Page 116
5. THE IMPACT OF INTERNAL VARIABILITY OF THE NORTH PACIFIC ATMOSPHERE ON THE TROPICS AND TROPICAL DECADAL VARIABILITY......Page 117
6. CONCLUSIONS......Page 121
REFERENCES......Page 122
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 124
2. SEASONAL CYCLE......Page 125
3. EQUATORIAL VARIABILITY......Page 127
4. OFF-EQUATORIAL VARIABILITY......Page 128
5. INTERACTION WITH THE EXTRATROPICS......Page 133
6. ENSO INFLUENCE......Page 137
7. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION......Page 139
REFERENCES......Page 141
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 146
2. SOUTH ATLANTIC WINTER ATMOSPHERIC VARIABILITY AS EXTERNAL FORCING OF TAV......Page 149
3. SOUTH ATLANTIC SUMMER ATMOSPHERIC VARIABILITY AS EXTERNAL FORCING OF TAV......Page 153
4. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CROSS EQUATORIAL GRADIENT AND ATMOSPHERIC VARIABILITY IN BOTH HEMISPHERES......Page 154
5. SUMMARY......Page 157
REFERENCES......Page 158
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 160
2. DATA A ND MODEL......Page 161
3. COUPLED MODELING SURGERY......Page 162
4. THE ROLE OF REMOTE FORCING......Page 163
5. THE ROLE OF LOCAL OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE COUPLING......Page 166
6. THE ROLE OF OCEAN DYNAMICS......Page 168
7. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION......Page 171
REFERENCES......Page 172
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 174
2. MODEL INTEGRATIONS AND DATASETS......Page 175
3. ATMOSPHERIC VARIABILITY......Page 176
4. SST PREDICTABILITY......Page 179
5. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION......Page 180
REFERENCES......Page 182
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 184
2. MODEL DESCRIPTION......Page 185
3. INTERNAL VARIABILITY......Page 186
4. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION......Page 189
REFERENCES......Page 190
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 192
3. DOMINANT MODES OF THE INDIAN OCEAN SST VARIABILITY......Page 194
4. IOD AS AN INHERENT COUPLED MODE......Page 201
5. IOD TELECONNECTION......Page 208
6. SUMMARY......Page 210
REFERENCES......Page 212
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 215
2. INDIAN OCEAN AND MONSOON VARIABILITY......Page 220
3. IMPACT OF THE DIPOLE/ZONAL MODE ON CLIMATE......Page 229
4. OUTSTANDING ISSUES......Page 237
REFERENCES......Page 241
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 249
3. STRUCTURE OF INDIAN RAINFALL......Page 250
4. SSTA/RAINFALL CORRELATIONS......Page 253
5. DISCUSSION......Page 256
REFERENCES......Page 260
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 262
2. STEADY-STATE THEORY......Page 263
3. PACIFIC OCEAN......Page 266
4. ATLANTIC OCEAN......Page 276
5. INDIAN OCEAN......Page 283
6. VARIABILITY......Page 292
7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 297
REFERENCES......Page 301
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 306
3. COMPARISON WITH OBSERVATION......Page 307
4. SIMULATED CIRCULATION......Page 309
5. LAGRANGIAN ANALYSIS......Page 316
REFERENCES......Page 318
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 320
2. DATA AND METHOD......Page 321
3. GENERAL FEATURES......Page 322
4. NORTH PACIFIC DECADAL VARIABILITY INFERRED FROM GYRE-INDEX......Page 324
5. INTERACTION OF TROPICAL-EXTRATROPICAL GYRES......Page 327
REFERENCES......Page 328
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 330
2. IMPORTANCE OF STORM TRACKS AND OCEANIC FRONTAL ZONES IN EXTRATROPICAL COUPLED OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE VARIABILITY......Page 332
3. CLIMATOLOGICAL ASSOCIATIONS AMONG STORM TRACKS, POLAR-FRONT JETS AND MIDLATITUDE OCEANIC FRONTS......Page 335
4. INFLUENCE OF A SUBTROPICAL JET ON A STORM TRACK AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH AN OCEANIC FRONT......Page 339
5. DISCUSSION......Page 341
REFERENCES......Page 343
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 347
2. BACKGROUND......Page 348
3. INTERANNUAL VARIATIONS IN ADVECTION AND HEAT CONTENT......Page 352
4. CAUSES AND IMPLICATIONS OF HEAT CONTENT VARIATIONS......Page 357
5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 361
REFERENCES......Page 362
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 364
2. DATA USED AND ANALYSIS PROCEDURE......Page 365
3. OBSERVED ENSO REGIMES......Page 366
4. MODEL ENSO......Page 370
5. DISCUSSION......Page 372
REFERENCES......Page 374
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 377
2. ADDITIONAL CASES OF THE RELATIONSHIP OFꐀ✀, \0倀✀ AND \0吀✀猀......Page 380
3. ANALYTICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR THERELATIONSHIP OF ꐀ✀, \0倀✀ AND \0吀✀猀......Page 384
4. DYNAMICS BEHIND THE ꐀ✀, \0倀✀ AND \0吀✀猀 RELATIONS......Page 386
5. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION......Page 388
REFERENCES......Page 389
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 391
2. UNDERLYING MODEL FORMULATION......Page 392
3. SPECIFIC MODELS AND RESULTS......Page 394
4. CONCLUSIONS......Page 401
REFERENCES......Page 402