Early Arabic Grammatical Theory: Heterogeneity & Standardization

EARLY ARABIC GRAMMATICAL THEORY......Page 2
Editorial page......Page 3
Title page......Page 4
Copyright page......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS......Page 8
PREFACE......Page 10
Table of contents......Page 12
1.1 The Schools......Page 18
1.2 The Data......Page 20
1.3 The Quranic Variants, the Qiraa'aat......Page 22
1.4 The Players......Page 23
1.4.1.2 Kisa'i (183/799)......Page 24
1.4.1.5 Axfash (215/830 or 221/835)......Page 25
1.4.1.9 Sarraj (316/928)......Page 26
1.5. Plan of the Book......Page 27
1.6.1 When is terminology terminology?......Page 28
1.6.2 Some conventions......Page 29
2.1 Dependency......Page 30
2.2 The i-inf (genitive)......Page 31
2.3 Scope of Study......Page 34
3.1 'Asl......Page 36
3.2 General Rules......Page 38
3.3.1 Invariable form......Page 39
3.3.2 Sequence......Page 40
3.3.3 Unusual or exceptional constructions......Page 41
3.4 Analogical Reasoning......Page 42
3.6 Ma'aaniy l-Qur'aam Farra' and Zajjaj......Page 43
3.6.1 The Issues......Page 44
3.6.2.1 Faatiha 1. §bismi Uahi "in the name of God......Page 45
3.6.2.2 Faatiha 2 §al-hamd-u li-llaahi "praise be unto God"......Page 46
3.6.2.4 al-Baqara 1, alma......Page 47
3.6.2.6 One further example......Page 48
3.7 Conclusion......Page 50
4.1 Sibawayh's Use of Substitution......Page 52
4.1.1 Grammatical function......Page 53
4.1.2 Distribution of items......Page 54
4.1.3 Form......Page 56
4.1.4 Meaning......Page 57
4.2.1 Negative evidence......Page 58
4.2.2 Item for item; item at position......Page 59
4.2.3 Analogical substitution......Page 60
4.2.4 Cue words......Page 62
4.2.4.2 Cue word and function......Page 63
4.2.5.2 Typical form......Page 65
4.2.5.3 Typical position, typical class member......Page 66
4.2.5.4 Simple and complex......Page 67
4.3.1 Class and substitution......Page 68
4.3.2.1 Polish......Page 69
4.3.2.3 Matters of degree......Page 70
V. NOUN COMPLEMENTATION......Page 72
5.1.1 Tawkiyd, emphasis......Page 73
5.1.2.4 Qualifiers which indicate an origin or relation.......Page 74
5.1.3 Badal or 'atf al-badal, substitute......Page 75
5.1.4 'atf al-bayaan, classificatory conjunct (CC)......Page 76
5.1.5 'Atf or 'atf bi l-harf, conjunct......Page 78
5.2.1.1 Repetition......Page 79
5.2.2 'atf......Page 80
5.2.3.1 Modifier of a noun.......Page 82
5.2.3.4 Demonstratives......Page 83
5.2.3.8 Repeated noun......Page 84
5.2.3.10 Other types......Page 85
5.2.4 Na't qualifier......Page 86
5.2.5 Badal substitute......Page 87
5.2.6 siraak coordination......Page 89
5.2.7 tabťa follow......Page 90
5.3.1.1 Complete......Page 91
5.3.1.2 kaal......Page 93
5.3.2 Distinct categories......Page 94
5.3.3.1 Two terms, one class......Page 96
5.3.3.2 One term, two classes......Page 97
5.3.4 Unclear categorization......Page 98
5.4 General Summary......Page 100
5.5.1 Three categories......Page 101
5.5.2 'atf and nasaq coordination......Page 102
5.5.3 takriyr repetition, substitution......Page 103
5.5.4 tabi'a "agree"......Page 106
5.6 Axfash......Page 108
5.7 Mubarrid, Tha'lab and Others......Page 110
5.8.1 Refinement of terminology......Page 112
5.8.2.2 Tawkiyd emphasis......Page 116
5.8.3.1 'Atf......Page 117
5.8.3.2 Na't/sifa......Page 118
5.8.4 Degree of change......Page 119
6.1 Isnaad......Page 120
6.1.1 Posssession: musnad = pssd, musnad 'ilayhi - pssr......Page 121
6.1.2 M = verb, MI = agent......Page 122
6.1.3 General remarks......Page 123
6.2 The a-inf Form......Page 124
6.2.1.3 haal......Page 127
6.2.1.4 Locative, darf......Page 128
6.2.2.1 Governance, 'iyqaa......Page 132
6.2.2.2 Separation: qat', xuruwj, haal......Page 133
6.2.3 Axfash......Page 136
6.2.4 Mubarrid and his successors......Page 137
6.2.5 The disappearance of the role of structural separation......Page 138
6.3 Sequence of the tamyiyz (or, the proper use of analogy)......Page 141
7.1 The Specifier, tamyiyz......Page 144
7.1.1 Sibawayh......Page 145
7.1.2 Farra'......Page 147
7.1.3 Categorical and gradualistic development......Page 152
7.1.4 The precision of Farra's terminology......Page 153
7.2 The Locative, darf and sifa......Page 158
7.2.4 Mubarrid and Tha'lab......Page 165
7.2.5 Later syntheses......Page 166
7.3.1 Sibawayh......Page 168
7.3.2 Farra'......Page 170
7.3.5 Sarraj......Page 172
8.1 Meaning, Structural Categories and Terminological Precision......Page 174
8.2 Are Terminological Differences Categorical Differences?......Page 177
8.2.1.1 a-inf......Page 179
8.2.1.4 'Amala and waqa'a......Page 181
8.2.2.1 'Imaad and fasl......Page 183
8.2.2.2 'Imaad and the damiyr il-sa'n......Page 185
8.2.3.1 Governor of topic and comment......Page 187
8.2.3.2 Fi'l, predicate......Page 189
8.3 Summary......Page 194
9.1 The Linguists......Page 196
9.2 MN......Page 198
9.2.1 Sibawayh......Page 199
9.2.2 Farra'......Page 200
9.2.3 Unique......Page 201
9.3.1 Sibawayh......Page 202
9.3.3 Both Sibawayh and Farra'......Page 203
9.4.1 Sibawayh......Page 204
9.4.4 Unique......Page 205
9.5 KJN......Page 206
9.5.2 Farra'......Page 207
9.5.4 Unique......Page 209
9.6 Tabular Summary......Page 210
9.7.1 Tha'lab......Page 213
9.7.2 Abu Bakr Al-Anbari......Page 214
9.8 Terminological and Conceptual Heterogeneity......Page 216
9.9 Non-standard Traditions......Page 217
9.10 Dating Works......Page 218
10.1 Sibawayh......Page 220
10.2 Farra'......Page 221
10.3 Linguists after Farra'......Page 223
10.4.1 Some basic data......Page 225
10.4.2 Accuracy of Zajjaj's classification......Page 227
10.5 From Data to Theory......Page 230
11.1 The Data......Page 238
11.2.1 Notational and substantive variation......Page 241
11.2.3 Differential classification of single features......Page 242
11.2.5 Other modes of analysis......Page 243
11.4 The Schools and Linguistic Data......Page 244
11.5 Reconstruction......Page 246
11.5.1.1 Mention in Sibawayh.......Page 247
11.5.1.4 Degree and consistency of development......Page 248
11.5.1.5 Innovations......Page 249
11.5.2 Other writers......Page 250
11.6 Principles of Development......Page 251
11.6.1 Organization, Explicitness and Generalization of Descriptive Classes......Page 252
11.6.2 Formal or functional determinants......Page 254
11.6.4 The logic of general principles......Page 255
11.6.5.2 Reductionism......Page 257
11.7 The Early Evolution of Arabic Syntactic Theory......Page 259
IB. Harf in Morphology and Syntax......Page 262
IC. The musnad and musnad 'ilayhi in Farra'......Page 266
ID. The term şagala......Page 268
IE. Noun Complementation Citations in Axfash......Page 272
IF. Page references to §7.1.4......Page 273
IH. References to Basra, Kufa and individual linguists in Tha'lab's Majaalis.......Page 274
IJ. References to Basrans and Kufans in first two volumes of Zajjaj's MQ.......Page 275
APPENDIX II. ARABIC QUOTES......Page 278
APPENDIX III. GRAMMARIANS CITED AS SOURCES......Page 290
Primary Sources......Page 292
Secondary Sources......Page 295
INDEX OF ARABIC GRAMMARIANS......Page 302
INDEX OF ARABIC GRAMMATICAL TERMS......Page 304
SUBJECT INDEX......Page 308