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Издательство Mouton de Gruyter, 1997, -1675 pp.
The technical production of this
handbook has been a joint effort by several groups involving a
large number of people, and the success of the coordination
process in itself is by no means the least significant result
of the EAGLES Spoken Language Working Group (see Chapter
`User's Guide'), with particular credit to the fellow-members
of the editorial team, Roger Moore and Richard Winski, for an
inspiring and supportive style of collaboration.
The first group comprises the technical authors. All of them
deserve thanks for their patience and cooperativeness, despite
over-full schedules, heavy responsibilities and, in many cases,
also the need to learn LaTeX in the process.
The second group includes the EAGLES support team, particularly
the organisers in Pisa, Antonio Zampolli and Nicoletta
Calzolari, with their untiring efforts to coordinate a somewhat
unruly band of experts. Jock McNaught brought his editorial
expertise in electronic publishing to bear on the initial
layout design, and on solutions for a multitude of thorny
problems.
The third group includes my team in Bielefeld, especially Inge
Mertins, who put in a massive amount of work researching
sources, re-formatting from a variety of source formats, taking
care of complex style packages and spending month after month
gently and effectively coaxing various authors to provide
readable text, graphics and formulae. Thorsten Bomberg brought
his expert knowledge of UNIX systems programming to bear on
many technical problems; having found that available software
did not scale up to handle a document of the size and
complexity of this handbook, he specified and implemented a
LaTeX to HTML conversion strategy which did work, and shared
his results with the latex2html software developers, resulting
in better software. Holger Ulrich Nord and Thorsten Trippel
re-formatted the revised version in HTML, battling with many
new format styles.
The fourth group is the publishing team led by Anke Beck at
Mouton de Gruyter, whose professional standards forced us all
to re-think many aspects of presentation and formatting, and on
whose advice we were able to rely in designing a LaTeX document
class to emulate the Mouton de Gruyter house style (though a
couple of our own oddities remain).
The fifth group comprises those responsible at Directorate
General XIII of the European Commission, Norbert
Brinkhoff-Button, the project officer, and Roberto Cencioni,
who deserve acknowledgment for their foresight, their
willingness to be persuaded to take risks with this novel
publishing venture for the field of spoken language technology,
and above all for their patience in what must have seemed like
an unending production story.
The main aim during the technical production process was to
produce a high-quality handbook which on the one hand documents
the core of standard good practice during the 1990s, and on the
other hand presents a solid platform for further development.
To attain this goal, a number of textual smoothing processes
were required. The format conversion and formatting tasks have
already been mentioned; English style and idiom in several
chapters, by both native and non-native speakers, had to be
considerably adapted for general readability and consistency.
Many overlaps were removed, many additional details
incorporated, cross-references to other chapters and the other
EAGLES Working Groups were included, copyrights (for instance
for electronic IPA versions) were negotiated, and additional
appendix materials were elicited. Some of the appendices were
specially written for the handbook, but most were generously
provided by other European Commission funded projects, notably
the SAM project, and were left unchanged apart from the
necessary re-formatting. In certain areas, for instance, with
corpus copyrights and with clandestine recording, legal and
ethical issues arose, which could only be touched on in
passing.
Recommendations are given explicitly in subsections in each
chapter, and can thus be conveniently referred to by consulting
the table of contents, which is deliberately kept rather
detailed and is thus unusually long. The task of completely
`homogenising' the style of recommendations proved to be too
comprehensive at the present stage, however, partly because of
the variety of recommendation types, and partly because of the
different presentation styles of authors from different
disciplines.
Since the original conception of the report four years before
publication, the importance of the World Wide Web for research
has expanded enormously. This has made the publication of
sources for corpora and tools unnecessary: Web search engines
can quickly find the up-to-date addresses. The second
consideration which emerged shortly before the final production
phase was the possibility of publication on the Web. The pros
and cons of this were much debated, and criteria of overall
portability, durability, robustness and convenience of paper
versions (with library and paperback editions) scored over a
purely electronic hypertext mode; in addition, the publisher is
providing CD-ROM and, courageously, Web versions.
Despite all efforts, the handbook has a number of obvious
shortcomings, and readers will no doubt collect their own
selection of these. For the shortcomings I beg the readers'
indulgence, and urge them to communicate their suggestions and
thereby help to improve future versions of the handbook.
Part I: Spoken language
system and corpus design
System design
SL corpus design
SL corpus collection
SL corpus representation
Part II: Spoken language
characterization
Spoken language lexica
Language models
Physical characterisation and description
Part III: Spoken language system
assessment
Assessment methodologies and experimental design
Assessment of recognition systems
Assessment of speaker verification systems
Assessment of synthesis systems
Assessment of interactive systems
Part IV: Spoken language reference
materials
Character codes and computer readable alphabets
SAMPA computer readable phonetic alphabet
SAM file formats
SAM recording protocols
SAM software tools
EUROPEC recording tool
Digital storage media
Database Management Systems (DBMSs)
Speech standards
EUROM-1 database overview
Polyphone project overview
European speech resources
Transcription and documentation conventions for Speechdat
The Bavarian Archive for Speech Signals