Dynamics of the Earth's Radiation Belts and Inner Magnetosphere

Title Page\r......Page 3
Copyright\r......Page 4
Contents\r......Page 5
Preface\r......Page 8
Introduction......Page 10
REFERENCES......Page 17
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 20
2. ADVANCES IN ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGIES......Page 22
3.1. Magnetic Field Variations......Page 25
3.4. Particle Radiation......Page 27
4. CONCLUSION......Page 28
REFERENCES......Page 29
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 30
2. RADIATION BELT STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS......Page 31
4. OUTER ZONE ELECTRON DEPENDENCEON SOLAR WIND FORCING......Page 32
5. TRANSIENT SOLAR DISTURBANCES AND OUTER BELT RESPONSES......Page 33
6. ACCELERATION MECHANISMS......Page 34
8. RADIATION BELT CONTENTAND STATISTICAL STUDIES......Page 35
9. RADIATION BELT ENHANCEMENTAND DECAY RATES......Page 37
10. ELECTRON LOSSES: ATMOSPHERIC COUPLING......Page 39
11. MICROBURSTS AND OTHER TRANSIENT ELECTRON PRECIPITATION......Page 40
13. THE LAST CHAPTER OF THE SAMPEX SAGA......Page 45
REFERENCES......Page 46
INTRODUCTION \r......Page 50
STEREO AND WIND EVENTS\r......Page 51
LARGE-AMPLITUDE WHISTLER MODE WAVESARE COMMON......Page 52
CHARACTERISTICS OF WAVES DIFFERENT FROMTYPICAL CHORUS......Page 54
WAVES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH MICROBURSTS......Page 55
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 57
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 61
3.1. Hydromagnetic Whistlers and Periodic Emissions......Page 63
3.3. Hydromagnetic Chorus......Page 64
3.5. Intervals of Pulsations With Diminishing Period......Page 65
3.6. Irregular Hydromagnetic Emissions......Page 66
4. STATISTICAL RESULTS......Page 67
5.1. Spectral Properties......Page 70
5.2. GOES Location......Page 71
6. SUMMARY......Page 72
REFERENCES......Page 74
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 77
2.1. External Solar Wind Drivers......Page 78
2.2. Internal Energetic Particle Drivers......Page 83
3. ULF WAVE-DRIVEN RADIAL TRANSPORT ANDRADIAL DIFFUSION......Page 86
4. ROLE OF THE PLASMAPAUSE......Page 89
5. ENHANCED ULF WAVEMAGNETOPAUSE SHADOWING......Page 92
6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 93
REFERENCES......Page 95
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 101
2.4. Orbit Parameters and Impacts......Page 102
3. RBSP INSTRUMENTS......Page 103
4. INTEGRATION AND TESTING......Page 105
5. EARLY SCIENCE ENDEAVORS......Page 106
5.2. Science Question 2......Page 107
6. SPACE WEATHER BROADCAST......Page 108
REFERENCES......Page 109
The Energization and Radiation in Geospace ERG Project......Page 110
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 111
2. ERG PROJECT......Page 113
3.2. Plasma and Particle Experiment......Page 114
3.3. Electric Fields and Plasma Wave Experiment......Page 115
4. THE ERG GROUND NETWORK OBSERVATIONSAND INTEGRATED STUDIES/SIMULATION......Page 117
7. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES......Page 119
REFERENCES......Page 120
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 124
2. SCIENTIFIC GOALS OF RESONANCE......Page 125
4. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTATION......Page 127
REFERENCES......Page 130
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 134
2. THE 24?26 SEPTEMBER 1998 GEOMAGNETIC EVENT......Page 136
3. MHD SIMULATIONS......Page 137
4. ULF ANALYSIS......Page 138
5. ULF MODE SPECTRUM......Page 139
6. ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 143
REFERENCES......Page 144
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 146
2. MODELING APPROACH......Page 147
3. DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT COMPARISON......Page 149
4. THE IMPACT OF DLLB AND DLLEON THE ELECTRON FLUX......Page 151
5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 152
REFERENCES......Page 155
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 157
2. GUIDING CENTER INTEGRATION IN MHD FIELDS......Page 159
4. TEST PARTICLE RESULTS......Page 161
5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 163
REFERENCES......Page 165
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 167
2.1. The Radiation Belt Environment Model......Page 168
2.2. Numerical Tests of RBE......Page 169
3. RESULTS......Page 172
4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION......Page 178
REFERENCES......Page 179
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 182
2.1. The 3?5 August 2010 Storm......Page 184
2.2. The 28?31 May 2010 and 2?4 May 2010 Storms......Page 186
2.3. The 5?6 April 2010 Storm......Page 187
2.4. Summary of Observations......Page 188
3. SIMULATION OF THE 3?4 SEPTEMBER2008 STORM......Page 189
4. DISCUSSION......Page 190
5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 191
REFERENCES......Page 192
2. OBSERVATIONS......Page 193
REFERENCES......Page 196
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 198
2. HISTORICAL UNDERSTANDING......Page 199
3. ATMOSPHERIC LOSS......Page 202
4. LOSS DUE TO OUTWARD RADIAL TRANSPORT......Page 204
6. SUMMARY AND FUTURE WORK......Page 208
REFERENCES......Page 211
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 216
2.2. POES SEM-2 Observations......Page 217
2.3. Superposed Epoch Analysis of MEPED Electrons......Page 218
3.1. Mechanism 1: Magnetopause Shadowing......Page 220
4. AARDDVARK OBSERVATIONS......Page 221
5. AARDDVARK MODELING......Page 223
6. DISCUSSION......Page 224
REFERENCES......Page 225
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 227
2. DATA AND EXPLORATORY DATA ANALYSIS......Page 229
3.2. An Alternative View......Page 230
4. SPECTRUM ESTIMATION......Page 231
4.1. Statistics of Spectrum Estimates......Page 232
4.2. Estimation of the Baseline......Page 233
5.1. ACE to GOES Coherences......Page 235
6. CYCLOSTATIONARITY......Page 236
7. MODE IDENTIFICATIONS......Page 237
7.1. Observational Implications......Page 238
7.2. Peak Density as a Function of Frequency......Page 239
8. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 240
REFERENCES......Page 241
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 244
2. DYNAMICS OF RESONANT ELECTRONS......Page 245
3. RESONANT CURRENTS......Page 246
4. GENERATION PROCESS OF CHORUS EMISSIONS......Page 247
5. NONLINEAR WAVE GROWTH......Page 248
6. TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL EVOLUTIONOF RISING-TONE EMISSIONS......Page 250
8. NONLINEAR DAMPING AT HALFTHE GYROFREQUENCY......Page 251
9. FALLING-TONE EMISSIONS......Page 253
REFERENCES......Page 254
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 256
2. LORENTZ EQUATIONS OF MOTION......Page 257
3.1. Three-Dimensional Formulation......Page 258
3.2. Reduction to One Dimension......Page 259
4.1. Inhomogeneity Parameter......Page 260
4.3. Phase Bunching......Page 261
4.4. Phase Trapping......Page 262
REFERENCES......Page 264
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 266
2. LINEAR GROWTH RATE......Page 267
3. NONLINEAR GROWTH RATE......Page 270
5. NUMERICAL RESULTS......Page 273
6. SUMMARY......Page 278
REFERENCES......Page 279
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 281
2. DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS FOR LOWFREQUENCYWAVES AND DENSE PLASMAS......Page 282
3.1. On the Large Number of Harmonics for MeV Electrons......Page 284
3.2. The 3 MeV Electrons at L = 4.5 Under StormConditions......Page 285
3.4. Electron Precipitation Lifetimes......Page 286
REFERENCES......Page 288
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 290
2. THE INNER MAGNETOSPHERIC NIGHTSIDEDIFFUSE AURORAL PRECIPITATION......Page 292
3. THE OUTER MAGNETOSPHERIC NIGHTSIDEDIFFUSE AURORAL PRECIPITATION......Page 294
4. THE DAYSIDE DIFFUSE AURORAL PRECIPITATION......Page 295
5. SUMMARY AND FUTURE WORK......Page 297
REFERENCES......Page 298
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 301
2. RING CURRENT ELECTRONS......Page 302
3. MAGNETIC FIELD CONFIGURATION......Page 307
4. PLASMA WAVE DYNAMICS......Page 308
REFERENCES......Page 309
2. WHAT IS THE LOVE-GANNON RELATION?......Page 312
4. STANDARD IDEAS AND WHY THEY DO NOT WORK......Page 314
5. A SUGGESTED SOLUTION......Page 316
REFERENCES......Page 317
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 318
2. PBL AND IONOSPHERIC BOUNDARIES......Page 319
3. PBL AND ULF WAVES......Page 320
REFERENCES......Page 322
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 325
2. PARTICLE TRAJECTORY SIMULATION......Page 327
3. DISTRIBUTION OF PARTICLE DESTINATIONS......Page 328
4. DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY......Page 332
REFERENCES......Page 334
Cold Ion Outflow as a Source of Plasma for the Magnetosphere......Page 336
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 337
2.1. Determination of the Fate of Outflowing Cold Ions......Page 338
3.1. Cold Plasma Density and Outflow Velocity......Page 339
4.1. Solar Wind and IMF Control......Page 341
4.2. Geomagnetic Activity......Page 342
5.1. Feeding to Different Plasma Sheet Regions......Page 343
5.2. Role of Magnetotail X Lines......Page 344
REFERENCES......Page 345
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 349
2.2. The Störmer Potential......Page 350
2.4. Access of High-Energy Interplanetary Particles Into theInner Geomagnetic Field......Page 351
3.2. The Equatorial Cross Section of the ExtendedStörmer Potential......Page 352
3.4. Geomagnetic Cutoff......Page 353
4. WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THE EARTH’SMAGNETIC MOMENT REVERSES?......Page 354
5. ENERGY SPECTRUM OF RADIATION BELTPARTICLES DURING GEOMAGNETIC REVERSAL......Page 355
REFERENCES......Page 356
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 358
2. INSTRUMENTATION AND DATA PRESENTATION......Page 359
4. WORST CASES......Page 361
6. CONCLUSIONS......Page 362
REFERENCES......Page 363
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 364
3.1. Overview of Electron Responses During Solar Cycle 23......Page 365
3.2. Electron Decays at L = 3......Page 368
3.3. Electron Enhancements at Different L Values......Page 370
3.4. Electron Flux Rise Times at L = 3......Page 371
3.5. Storm Time Electron Response......Page 372
4. DISCUSSION......Page 373
REFERENCES......Page 376
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 378
1.1. Science Background and Motivation......Page 379
1.2. Science Measurement Requirements......Page 380
1.3. Expected Science Results and Impact......Page 381
2.2. Structure and Thermal Design......Page 382
2.3. Electric and Power System and Solar Arrays......Page 383
2.4. Command and Data Handling System......Page 384
2.6. Ground Network......Page 385
2.7. Passive Magnetic Attitude Control System......Page 386
2.8. Relativistic Electron and Proton Telescope IntegratedLittle Experiment......Page 387
3.2. Data Analysis and Interpretation......Page 392
3.3. Modeling......Page 393
4. SUMMARY......Page 395
REFERENCES......Page 396
2. COMPARATIVE RADIATION BELTS......Page 398
2.1. The Kennel-Petschek Limit......Page 399
2.3. Implications for Extrasolar Radiation Regions......Page 400
3. JUPITER’S RADIATION BELT......Page 401
4.1. Estimating the Crab’s Electron Spectra......Page 402
4.3. Dynamics Within the Crab......Page 403
APPENDIX A......Page 406
REFERENCES......Page 407
2. EARTH OBSERVATIONS......Page 408
2.1. Whistler Mode Chorus Emissions......Page 409
2.3. Equatorial Noise Emissions......Page 410
3. JUPITER OBSERVATIONS......Page 411
4. SATURN OBSERVATIONS......Page 412
4.1. Whistler Mode Chorus......Page 413
4.3. Cassini Solstice Mission......Page 416
REFERENCES......Page 417
AGU Category Index......Page 424