Dynamics and Exchanges in Estuaries and the Coastal Zone

Title
......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Contents......Page 4
Acknowledgements
......Page 7
List of Contributors......Page 8
Part I Introduction......Page 13
1.2 The Proceedings......Page 14
Part IV - Sediment Dynamics......Page 15
Part VI- Applied Studies......Page 16
1.3 Conclusions......Page 17
Part II Baroclinic Dynamics......Page 18
2.1 Introduction......Page 19
2.2 The field program......Page 21
2.3 Field results......Page 22
2.4 A quasigeostrophic model......Page 28
2.5 Model results......Page 33
2.6 Discussion......Page 38
Acknowledgements......Page 41
2.7 References......Page 42
3.1 Introduction......Page 44
3.2 Observational Results......Page 46
3.3 Modelling Results......Page 53
3.4 Discussion......Page 62
3.5 References......Page 64
4.1 Introduction......Page 66
4.2 Survey......Page 67
4.3 Eulerian Measurements......Page 68
4.4 Echograms and Spar Data......Page 71
4.5 Results......Page 75
4.5.1 Wave Height......Page 76
4.5.2 Wave Energy......Page 78
4.5.3 Mixing......Page 80
4.7 References......Page 81
5.1 Introduction......Page 84
5.2 Previous work......Page 85
5.3 Data collection and analysis......Page 87
5.4 Observations......Page 94
5.5 Discussion......Page 95
5.6 Conclusions......Page 102
5.7 References......Page 104
Appendix 1 - Internal wave theory......Page 105
6.1 Introduction......Page 109
6.2 Prescriptive model......Page 110
6.3 A dynamically active model......Page 111
6.4.1 Non-rotating model......Page 115
6.4.2 Two component model w
ith rotation......Page 116
6.5 Discussion......Page 119
6.6 References......Page 120
Part III Circulation......Page 122
7..1 Introduction......Page 123
7.2 Physical characteristics......Page 125
7.3 Residual flows......Page 126
7.4 Effect of residual flow on residence time, constituent  distribution and constituent flux
......Page 131
7.5 Discussion......Page 137
7.6 Conclusions......Page 138
7.7 References......Page 139
8.1 Introduction......Page 140
8.2 The Winter example......Page 141
8.3 The Summer example......Page 147
8.4 The general case......Page 151
8.5 A future scenario......Page 154
8.6 References......Page 156
9.1 Introduction......Page 159
9.2 Observations and analysis techniques......Page 162
9.3 Horizontal and vertical salinity pattems......Page 164
9.4 Fill time......Page 171
9.5 Salinity stratification......Page 172
Acknowledgements......Page 173
9.6 References......Page 174
10.1 Introduction......Page 176
10.2 The Data......Page 177
10.3 Multiple input system......Page 178
10.4 Results and Discussions......Page 179
10.5 Summary......Page 192
10.6 References......Page 193
Abstract......Page 194
11.1 Introduction......Page 195
11.3 Data and methods......Page 196
11.4 Results and Discussion......Page 201
11.5 Conclusions......Page 208
11.6 References......Page 209
12.1 Introduction......Page 212
12.2 The observation of low-frequency salinity variations......Page 214
12.3 A numerical model and forcing functions......Page 216
12.4 Comparison between observed and computed salinity variation......Page 222
12.5 Conclusion......Page 230
12.6 References......Page 231
13.1 lntroduction......Page 234
13.2 A brief summary of the numerical model scheme......Page 237
13.3 Adaption of the model to the transition region......Page 238
13.4 The mean Summer circulation......Page 239
13.5 Model experiments with different boundary conditions forcing......Page 246
13.6 Salt entrainment......Page 247
13.7 A tracer experiment......Page 248
13.9 References......Page 252
Part IV Sedimentation......Page 255
Abstract......Page 256
14.1 Introduction......Page 257
14.2 Tamar sediments......Page 258
14.3 Intratidal behaviour of turbidity maximum......Page 264
14.4 Long-term monitoring of SPM concentrations......Page 268
14.5 Conclusions......Page 274
14.6 References......Page 275
Abstract......Page 278
15.1 Introduction......Page 279
15.2 Frictional Dominance of the Momentum Equation......Page 280
15.3 Analytical treatment of the linearized zero-inertia equation......Page 286
15.4 Numerical treatment of the non-linear zero-inertia equation......Page 291
15.5 Implications for sediment transport and morphologic evolution......Page 306
15.6 Summary......Page 308
15.7 References......Page 309
Appendix 1. Symbols defined in text......Page 312
Abstract......Page 314
16.1 Introduction......Page 315
16.2 Muddy Shore Evolution......Page 316
16.3 Muddy Shore Morphology......Page 317
16.5 Results......Page 322
16.6 Interpretation......Page 331
16.7 Conclusions......Page 333
16.8 References......Page 334
17.1 Introduction......Page 336
17.2 Acoustic analysis......Page 337
17.3 Sediment observations......Page 348
17.4 Conclusions......Page 349
17.5 References......Page 350
18.1 Introduction......Page 351
18.2 A physical perspective......Page 352
18.3 Test Site and Experiment......Page 360
18.4 Water and mud motions......Page 365
18.5 Response of Linearized Fluid Mud-Water System......Page 369
18.6 Low Frequency Signature......Page 371
18.7 Concluding Remarks......Page 374
18.8 References......Page 375
Abstract......Page 377
19.2 The reflection program......Page 378
19.3 Application to tank experiments......Page 380
19.4 Application to beach conditions......Page 385
19.5 Site of wave measurements......Page 386
19.6 The instruments and their lay-out......Page 399
19.7 Discussion of results......Page 400
19.8 Application to two dimensions......Page 402
19.10 References......Page 404
Part V Modelling Sediment......Page 406
20.1 Introduction......Page 407
20.2 Tidally-averaged transport equation......Page 409
20.3 A model for the tidally-averaged dispersion coefficient......Page 416
20.4 Computations of the tidally-averaged dispersion coefficient......Page 417
20.5 Examples......Page 418
20.6 Discussion and Conclusion......Page 424
20.7 References......Page 425
21.2 Vertical concentration profile......Page 427
21.3 Longitudinal and transverse velocity profiles for flow around a bend......Page 429
21.5 Shear dispersion......Page 431
21.6 Gradual separation between plumes of neutral and of rising particles......Page 434
21.7 References......Page 437
22.1 Introduction......Page 439
22.2 Formulation......Page 440
22.3.1 Flow solutions......Page 443
22.4 Depth-averaged concentration and sediment flux......Page 453
22.5 Discussion......Page 459
22.6 Conclusions......Page 462
22.7 References......Page 463
23.1 Introduction......Page 465
23.2 Structure of the model......Page 466
23.3 The three sub-models......Page 468
23.4 The dominating condition and major parameters......Page 470
23.5 Numerical aspects......Page 475
23.6 Conclusions......Page 476
23.8 References......Page 477
Abstract......Page 479
24.2 The model......Page 480
24.3 Model studies for further investigation of dispersion mechanisms......Page 487
24.4 Practical applications......Page 494
24.5 Conclusions......Page 500
24.6 References......Page 501
25.2 Model description......Page 505
25.3 Model application......Page 515
25.4 Conclusions......Page 520
Symbol......Page 521
25.5 References......Page 522
Part VI Applied Studies......Page 525
Abstract......Page 526
26.1 Introduction......Page 527
26.2 General Characteristics of the Dutch Coastal Zone......Page 529
26.3 The Observed Density Field......Page 530
26.4 The Observed Residual Current Field......Page 539
26.5 Summary and Discussion......Page 545
26.6 References......Page 546
27.1 Introduction......Page 548
27.3 Observations......Page 551
27.4 Modelling......Page 558
27.5 Discussion and Conclusions......Page 567
27.6 References......Page 568
Appendix A......Page 570
28.1 Introduction......Page 574
28.2 Available data......Page 577
28.3 A numerical model......Page 579
28.4 Results......Page 582
28.5 Discussion......Page 592
28.6 References......Page 593
29.1 Introduction......Page 596
29.2 Field observation......Page 598
29.3 Data analyses and mass flux calculation......Page 604
29.4 Temporal variability of mass exchanges......Page 606
29.5 Mechanisms of wind induced mass exchange......Page 607
29.6 Discussion......Page 609
29.7 References......Page 611
30.2 Observations......Page 613
30.3 Physical aspects......Page 614
30.4 Chemical aspects......Page 615
30.5 Biological aspects......Page 623
30.6 Discussion......Page 625
30.7 References......Page 626
31.1 Introduction......Page 627
31.2 Tide regime......Page 629
31.3 Salinity regime......Page 635
31.4 Effluent dispersion......Page 638
31.5 Wave climate......Page 640
31.6 Conclusions......Page 641
31.7 References......Page 642