Dynamic aquaria: building and restoring living ecosystems

0123706416......Page 1
COPYRIGHT PAGE......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 6
PREFACE......Page 12
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND DEDICATION......Page 16
CHAPTER 1 Introduction......Page 18
The Origin of Life: Microcosm Earth......Page 19
Microcosms and Mesocosms of Aquatic Ecosystems......Page 22
Taxonomic Notes......Page 25
References......Page 26
PART I: PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT......Page 28
CHAPTER 2 The Envelope: Physical Parameters and Energy State......Page 30
Temperature......Page 34
Water Motion......Page 40
Tides: Simulating the Effects of Sun and Moon......Page 52
References......Page 58
CHAPTER 3 Substrate: The Active Role of Rock, Mud, and Sand......Page 60
The Solid Earth and Life......Page 61
Chemical Relationships Between Rocks, Sea Water, and Organisms......Page 65
The Solid Earth, Rock, and Model Ecosystems......Page 67
Sediments and Model Ecosystems......Page 68
Geological Storage......Page 76
References......Page 77
CHAPTER 4 Water Composition: Management of Salinity, Hardness, and Evaporation......Page 78
Water Structure and Characteristics......Page 79
Ocean Salinity......Page 80
Hardness of Fresh Waters......Page 84
Algal Scrubbing and Water Composition......Page 88
Marine Microcosms and Aquaria......Page 89
References......Page 90
Photosynthesis and Its Origin......Page 92
Solar Radiation and Water......Page 96
Light Intensity and Plants......Page 99
Photorespiration......Page 105
Light and Model Ecosystems......Page 106
Summary......Page 108
References......Page 109
Particulates, Energy Supply, and Aquatic Ecosystems......Page 110
Organic Particulates......Page 112
Particulates and Aquatic Models......Page 114
Biofilms......Page 115
References......Page 117
PART II: BIOCHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT......Page 118
CHAPTER 7 Metabolism: Respiration, Photosynthesis, and Biological Loading......Page 120
Metabolism......Page 122
Respiration......Page 123
Bacterial Metabolism......Page 127
Photosynthesis......Page 129
Biological Loading......Page 131
References......Page 132
CHAPTER 8 Organisms and Gas Exchange: Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, pH, and Alkalinity......Page 134
Oxygen Exchange......Page 135
Oxygen, Model Ecosystems, and Ecosystem Restoration......Page 137
Carbon Dioxide Exchange......Page 138
Carbon Dioxide and Global Aquatic Restoration......Page 139
Managing Carbon Dioxide and pH in Microcosms and Mesocosms......Page 141
Gas Exchange and Selected Model Ecosystems......Page 142
References......Page 145
Nutrients in Natural Waters......Page 148
Eutrophication and Hypereutrophication of Natural Waters......Page 151
Nutrients and Model Ecosystems......Page 153
Summary......Page 156
References......Page 157
CHAPTER 10 Biomineralization and Calcification: A Key to Biosphere and Ecosystem Function......Page 158
The Carbonate System and the Formation of Calcite and Aragonite......Page 160
Halimeda: Photosynthesis-Induced Calcification......Page 162
Calcification in Stony Corals......Page 163
Calcification, Stony Corals, Coral Reefs, and Global Warming......Page 165
Calcification in Mesocosms and Aquaria......Page 167
Coral Reef Aquaria and Stony Coral Calcification......Page 168
References......Page 171
CHAPTER 11 Control of the Biochemical Environment: Filters, Bacteria, and the Algal Turf Scrubber......Page 172
Bacteriological Filtration......Page 173
Denitrification......Page 174
Photosynthetic Methods......Page 175
Algal Turfs......Page 176
The Algal Turf Scrubber (ATS™)......Page 178
Algal Scrubbers and the Modeling of Ecosystems......Page 182
Summary......Page 185
References......Page 186
PART III: BIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE......Page 188
The Framework of Biodiversity......Page 190
The Biome......Page 192
Features of Communities......Page 198
The Magnitude of Biodiversity......Page 200
Scaling and Reproduction......Page 203
Model Diversity......Page 204
References......Page 206
CHAPTER 13 Trophic Structure: Ecosystems and the Dynamics of Food Chains......Page 208
Energy Capture and Flow......Page 209
Food Webs......Page 210
Food Webs in Model Ecosystems......Page 212
Establishment of Food Webs......Page 213
Trophic Structure in Aquaria......Page 218
References......Page 219
Benthic Algae......Page 220
Algae in Model Ecosystems......Page 236
Submerged Aquatic Vegetation......Page 239
Marine SAV and Model Ecosystems......Page 246
Freshwater SAV and Model Ecosystems......Page 248
Emergent Aquatic Vegetation......Page 251
EAV and Model Ecosystems......Page 259
Plant Communities and the Restoration of Wild Ecosystems......Page 267
References......Page 268
CHAPTER 15 Herbivores: Predators of Plants and Omnivores, Predators of Plants and Animals......Page 270
Types of Herbivores......Page 271
Plant Defenses......Page 273
Modifications of Marine and Freshwater Herbivores......Page 274
Herbivores and Model Ecosystems......Page 280
References......Page 282
The Carnivore Predator......Page 284
The Prey......Page 285
Marine and Freshwater Predators......Page 286
Predators and Synthetic Ecosystems......Page 292
References......Page 296
CHAPTER 17 Plankton and Planktivores: Floating Plants and Animals and Their Predators......Page 298
Phytoplankton......Page 299
The Planktonic Food Web......Page 303
Mechanisms of Filter Feeding......Page 305
Plankton, Particulates, and Model Ecosystems......Page 310
Wild Ecosystem Restoration......Page 317
References......Page 319
CHAPTER 18 Detritus and Detritivores: The Dynamics of Muddy Bottoms......Page 320
Fungi......Page 324
Meiobenthos: Protozoans......Page 326
Meiofauna: The Multicellular Invertebrates......Page 328
Macrobenthos......Page 330
Deposit Feeding in Saltwater Soft Bottoms......Page 334
Deposit Feeding in Freshwater Soft Bottoms......Page 336
Detritus and Its Role in Model Ecosystems......Page 338
References......Page 344
Zooxanthellae and Their Animal Hosts......Page 346
Biology and Ecology of Corals......Page 349
The Positive Feedback Loop between Photosynthesis and Calcification......Page 351
Anthozoans and Microcosms, Mesocosms, and Aquaria......Page 352
Parasitism......Page 353
Quarantine (Prevention of Transmission)......Page 354
Disease Treatment in Model Ecosystems......Page 355
References......Page 356
PART IV: ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS IN MICROCOSMS, MESOCOSMS, AND AQUARIA......Page 358
CHAPTER 20 Models of Coral Reef Ecosystems......Page 360
Modeling Coral Reef Ecosystems......Page 361
Caribbean Coral Reef Microcosm at the Museum of Natural History......Page 362
Great Barrier Reef Mesocosm......Page 370
A 130-Gallon Reef Microcosm......Page 373
References......Page 385
The Rocky, Embayed Coast of the Northwestern Atlantic Geological History......Page 388
The Gulf of Maine......Page 393
The Core Subarctic......Page 404
Core Subarctic vs Mixed Subarctic/Boreal......Page 410
A Maine Shore Microcosm......Page 412
An Opportunity to Test Biogeographic Theory......Page 420
References......Page 421
Where Fresh and Salt Waters Interact......Page 422
Chesapeake Bay in Mesocosm......Page 423
A Florida Estuary in Mesocosm......Page 433
Estuarine Restoration......Page 456
References......Page 458
A Florida Everglades Stream and Wetland......Page 460
A Blackwater Home Aquarium......Page 467
References......Page 469
PART V: THE ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING......Page 472
CHAPTER 24 Organisms and Natural Products: Commercial Ecosystem Culture......Page 474
The Aquarium World......Page 475
Pharmaceutical Culture......Page 479
References......Page 480
CHAPTER 25 Large Scale: Water Quality Management with Solar Energy Capture......Page 482
The Quality of US Surface and Ground Waters......Page 484
Nutrient Removal from Domestic Wastewaters......Page 485
Nutrient Removal from Agricultural Wastewaters (Nonpoint Source)......Page 491
Nutrient Removal from Rivers......Page 496
Bioenergy and Solar Energy Recovery Using ATS Systems......Page 497
Aquacultural Wastewaters......Page 498
Industrial Wastewaters and ATS Systems......Page 501
References......Page 506
PART VI: SUMMARY......Page 508
CHAPTER 26 Microcosms, Mesocosms, and Macrocosms: Building and Restoring Ecosystems, a Synthesis......Page 510
Principles of Ecological Modeling......Page 511
Ecosystems in Home Aquaria......Page 515
References......Page 516
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M......Page 522
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COLOR PLATES......Page 526