Durability of industrial composites

Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Foreword......Page 12
Preface......Page 16
Acknowledgements......Page 20
Biography......Page 22
Units......Page 24
PART I: Computation of Total Strains......Page 26
1.2 The Standard Plies......Page 28
1.3 The Constituent Materials......Page 31
1.4 Standard Ply Properties......Page 32
1.5 The Standard Ply Matrix [Q]......Page 36
1.6 The Importance of Strains......Page 40
2.1 Introduction......Page 44
2.2 Thermal Loads......Page 45
2.3 Thermal Loads and Laminate Circularity......Page 48
2.4 Hydric Loads......Page 49
2.6 Membrane Forces on Circular Cylinders......Page 51
2.7 Circular Cylinders Deflected by Lateral Loads......Page 53
2.8 Conclusion......Page 54
3.1 Introduction......Page 56
3.2 Computing the Thermal Strains......Page 57
3.3 Protocol to Compute the Thermal Strains......Page 59
3.4 The Protocol for Hydric Strains......Page 65
3.5 The Protocol for Mechanical Strains......Page 67
3.7 Laminate Engineering Constants......Page 69
Appendix 3.1 Stress-Free Temperature......Page 75
Appendix 3.2 Cure Shrinkage and Residual Strains......Page 76
4.1 Introduction......Page 78
4.2 Laminate Construction and the Critical Plies......Page 79
4.3 The Standard Laminate Matrices......Page 80
4.4 Rotating the Ply Matrices......Page 81
4.5 Computing the Laminate Matrices......Page 83
4.6 Matrices of Angle-Ply ± 55 Laminates......Page 84
4.7 Matrices of Angle-Ply ± 70 Laminates......Page 87
4.8 Matrices of Hoop-Chop Laminates......Page 90
5.2 Thermal Strains......Page 100
5.3 Hydric Strains......Page 103
5.4 Mechanical Strains......Page 104
5.5 Total Strains......Page 105
6.1 Introduction......Page 110
6.2 Thermal Strains......Page 111
6.3 Hydric Strains......Page 113
6.4 Mechanical Strains on Vertical Storage Tanks......Page 114
6.5 Mechanical Strains in Non-Anchored Above Ground Pipes......Page 115
6.6.1 Vertical Tanks......Page 117
6.6.2 Above Ground Non-Anchored Pipes......Page 118
7.2 Thermal Strains in Hoop-Chop Laminates......Page 128
7.3 Hydric Strains in Hoop-Chop Laminates......Page 129
7.5 Total Strains......Page 130
Appendix 7.1 Residual Mechanical Strains......Page 142
PART II: Computation of Durability......Page 146
8.1 Introduction......Page 148
8.2 The Eight Modes of Long-Term Failure......Page 149
8.3 Critical Plies......Page 153
8.4 The Long-Term Load-Dependent Failures......Page 154
8.5 Crack Densities and Equivalent Ply Strains......Page 156
8.6 The Failure Thresholds......Page 157
8.6.1 Thresholds of Fiber Loaded UD Plies......Page 159
8.6.2.2 Weep......Page 160
8.6.3 Thresholds of Chopped Plies......Page 161
8.7 The Work of R. F. Regester......Page 162
8.7.2 Glass Content......Page 163
8.7.3 Acid Concentration......Page 166
8.7.4 Temperature......Page 167
8.7.5 Type of Cation......Page 168
8.7.6 The Work of Regester in Actual Service......Page 169
8.8 Short-Term and Long-Term Safety Factors......Page 172
9.1 Introduction......Page 176
9.2 The Ply Regression Equations......Page 179
9.3.1 Deriving the Simplified Regression Equations......Page 181
9.3.2 The Resin Effect......Page 189
9.4.2 Pure Cyclic Rupture of Fiber Loaded UD Plies (R = 0.0)......Page 191
9.4.6 Pure Static Rupture of Chopped Fibers (R = 1.0)......Page 192
9.5 Tabulated Pure Regression Equations......Page 193
Appendix 9.1 The Idealized Rupture Equation......Page 201
Appendix 9.2 The Fatigue Threshold......Page 203
10.1 Introduction......Page 206
10.2 Effects of Temperature and Moisture on the Failure Thresholds of UD plies......Page 207
10.3 An Important Practical Consequence......Page 208
10.4 Experimental Evidence on the Weep Threshold......Page 210
10.5 A Closer Look at the Weep Failure of Oil Pipes......Page 211
10.7 Weep Times of Sanitation Pipes......Page 217
10.8 Improving the Failure Thresholds......Page 218
10.9 Cyclic Loadings......Page 220
Appendix 10.1 Cracks In Brittle Plies......Page 228
Appendix 10.3 Micro-Strains at the Fiber Level......Page 229
11.2 Two Types of Aggressive Chemicals......Page 232
11.3 Non-Reactive Chemicals......Page 235
11.4 Durability of the Corrosion Barrier......Page 237
11.5 Measuring the Penetrated Depth Δe......Page 238
11.7 Simplified Equations......Page 240
11.8 Estimating the Service Life......Page 242
Appendix 11.1 Deriving Equation (11.1)......Page 246
Appendix 11.2 Damages and Defects in Liners and Corrosion Barriers......Page 249
Appendix 11.3 Residual Life of Aged Laminates......Page 252
12.2 Generalized Strain-Corrosion of Glass Fibers......Page 258
12.3 Static Loadings......Page 260
12.4 Pure Cyclic Loading of UD Plies......Page 263
12.5 The Work of Mark Greenwood......Page 265
12.7 The Work of the British Plastics Federation......Page 268
12.8 The Unified Equation......Page 269
Appendix 12.1 Sudden Death......Page 270
13.1 Introduction......Page 274
13.2 The Classical HDB......Page 275
13.3 The Weep Threshold......Page 279
13.4 Liner Effect on the Weep Threshold......Page 281
13.6 Measuring the Failure Thresholds......Page 282
Appendix 13.1 Measuring the Infiltration Threshold......Page 288
14.2 The Mechanism of Laminate Strain-Corrosion......Page 292
14.3 Laminate Strain-Corrosion and Bending Loads......Page 294
14.4 Laminate Strain-Corrosion Cracks......Page 296
14.5 Predicting the Time to Strain-Corrosion Rupture......Page 298
14.6 Strain-Corrosion in Underground Sanitation Pipes......Page 300
14.7 Static Strain-Corrosion Regression Lines of Sanitation Pipes......Page 303
14.8 Strain-Corrosion Threshold......Page 307
14.9 Cyclic Strain-Corrosion......Page 309
15.2 The Eroded Depth Δe......Page 312
15.3 The Governing Wear Equation......Page 313
15.4 Measuring the Wear Parameters......Page 315
16.1 Introduction......Page 318
16.2 Pure Regression Lines......Page 319
16.3 Deriving the Unified Equation......Page 321
16.4 Applying the Unified Equation......Page 325
16.5 Time-Independent Failures......Page 332
16.6 Block Loading......Page 336
Appendix 16.1 The Unified Equation and the Goodman Diagrams......Page 339
Appendix 16.2 Ply Thresholds Transferred to Pipes......Page 340
Appendix 16.3 Laminate Regression Equations......Page 342
17.1 Introduction......Page 344
17.2 The Load Paths......Page 345
17.3 Computing the Gsc......Page 347
17.4 Interpolating the Gsc Values......Page 349
17.6 Computing the Resin-Dominated Durability......Page 350
17.7 A Few Gsc Values......Page 351
18.1 Introduction......Page 354
18.2 Computing the Time-Dependent Gsc......Page 355
18.3 Computing the Time-Independent Gsc......Page 358
Appendix 18.1 Practical Ranges of the Long-Term Safety Factors SF......Page 372
19.2 The Global Strains......Page 380
19.3 The Ply Local Strains......Page 382
19.4 Long-Term Rupture......Page 383
19.5 Weep Failure......Page 388
20.2 The General Equation......Page 394
20.3 Angle-Ply Laminates......Page 395
20.4 Strain Analysis......Page 396
21.2 Permeability, Diffusivity and Solubility......Page 404
21.3 Impermeable Pipes......Page 407
21.4.1 Anomalous Failure in Sanitation Pipes......Page 408
21.4.3 Solvent Storage and Transmission......Page 411
21.4.6 Chemical Service......Page 412
21.5 Market Acceptance......Page 413
Appendix 21.1 Weep Thresholds of Impermeable Pipes......Page 415
A.1 Introduction......Page 418
A.2 Rupture Failure......Page 419
A.4 Actual and Nominal Stress Waves......Page 421
A.5 The Energy Balance......Page 424
A.7 The Fatigue Limit......Page 428
Bibliography......Page 430
Index......Page 432