Durability of Composite Systems (Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering)

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Durability of Composite Systems
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Contributors
Introduction
1 - Foundations of modeling of composites for durability analysis
	1.1 Introduction to micro–macro modeling with numerical methods
		1.1.1 Basic concepts in micro–macro modeling
		1.1.2 Historical overview and objectives of this chapter
	1.2 Computational grains for particulate composites
		1.2.1 Governing equations for 3D elastic heterogeneous materials
		1.2.2 Multifield boundary variational principles for 3D computational grain method
		1.2.3 Papkovich–Neuber solution
		1.2.4 Spherical harmonics
		1.2.5 The scaled Trefftz trial functions for the inclusion and matrix
		1.2.6 Algorithm for the implementation of computational grains
		1.2.7 Validation of computational grains
	1.3 Computational grains for fiber composites
		1.3.1 Multifield boundary variational principles for fiber composites
		1.3.2 Papkovich–Neuber solutions with cylindrical harmonics
		1.3.3 Stiffness matrix and algorithmic implementation of computational grains
		1.3.4 Validation of computational grains
	1.4 Modeling of composites with computational grains
		1.4.1 Materials homogenization with computational grains
		1.4.2 Parallel computation and direct numerical simulation of composites
	1.5 Summary
	References
2 - Role of uncertainty in the durability of composite material systems∗
	2.1 Durability with uncertainty: engineer's second fundamental problem
		2.1.1 What is durability?
		2.1.2 What is uncertainty?
		2.1.3 What is durability with uncertainty
	2.2 Seven types of uncertainty in data and modeling, and eight statistical tools
		2.2.1 Three types of data uncertainty, DU1a, DU1b, and DU1c, for a univariate data set
		2.2.2 Three types of model uncertainty, MU2a, MU2b, and MU2c, for data modeling
		2.2.3 One type of model uncertainty, MU3, for system modeling
		2.2.4 Eight statistical tools to estimate seven types of uncertainty
	2.3 Data-set uncertainty (DU1a) and data-parameter uncertainty (DU1b)
		2.3.1 Data-set uncertainty (DU1a) and Tool-1
		2.3.2 Data-parameter uncertainty (DU1b) and Tool-2
	2.4 Data-coverage uncertainty (DU1c) from specimen to full-size structures
	2.5 Model-function uncertainty (MU2a(f)) for error propagation
		2.5.1 Model-function uncertainty (MU2a) and Tool-3 (NUM)
		2.5.2 Model-function uncertainty (MU2a) and Tool-4 (error propagation)
		2.5.3 Model-function uncertainty (MU2a) and Tool-5 (LLSQ)
	2.6 Model-compute uncertainty (MU2b(cf0)) for model verification
	2.7 MU2b(cf) and model-physics uncertainty (MU2c(cf))
		2.7.1 Model-compute uncertainty (MU2b(cf)) and Tool-7 (DEX)
		2.7.2 Model-physics uncertainty (MU2c(cf)) and Tool-7 (DEX)
		2.7.3 Model-physics uncertainty (MU2c(cf)) and Tool-8 (ASTM E691)
	2.8 Model-system uncertainty (MU3(sf)) for system verification
	2.9 Four types of durability with uncertainty for modeling material systems
	2.10 Durability with uncertainty (DuU1a) for a smooth simple system under cyclic load without scaling
	2.11 Durability with uncertainty (DuU1b) for a cracked simple system under cyclic load without scaling
	2.12 Durability with uncertainty (DuU2a) for validating an FRP composite elastic constants database without scaling
		2.12.1 A database of elastic constants and thermal expansion coefficients for FRP
		2.12.2 Estimation of data-set uncertainty of elastic constants of FRP without scaling
		2.12.3 Validation of an FRP composite elastic constants database without scaling
	2.13 Durability with uncertainty (DuU2b) for a 2D-holed square composite plate under static load
	2.14 DuU3, DuU4, …, DuUn for modeling durability of composite material systems
	Appendix A
		Statistical analysis software package named DATAPLOT (DP)
			What is DATAPLOT?
			How to download software and its documentation?
			A simple DATAPLOT example
	Appendix B
		A sample Tool-1 DP code for data uncertainty DU1a
	Appendix C
		Two sample Tool-2 DP codes for data uncertainty DU1b and DU1c
	Appendix D
		NIST uncertainty machine (Tool-3) for model uncertainty MU2a
			What is NIST Uncertainty Machine?
			How to download software and its documentation
			A simple NUM example
				Instructions
	Appendix E
		A sample Tool-5 DP code for model uncertainty MU2a
	Appendix F
		A sample Tool-6 DP code for model uncertainty MU2b
	Appendix G
		A sample Tool-7 DP code for model uncertainty MU2b, MU2c, and MU3
	Disclaimer
	References
3 - Durability of aerospace material systems
	3.1 Progressive damage analysis by discrete damage modeling
		3.1.1 Introduction
	3.2 Computational methodology
		3.2.1 Static failure analysis
		3.2.2 Fatigue failure criterion for MIC insertion
		3.2.3 Fatigue cohesive law
		3.2.4 Fatigue DDM algorithm
			3.2.4.1 Modified fatigue algorithm
	3.3 Verification of Rx-FEM coupon-level analysis
		3.3.1 DCB analysis
		3.3.2 ENF analysis
		3.3.3 MMB verification study
	3.4 Validation of Rx-FEM subelement-level analysis
		3.4.1 Clamped tapered beam—background
			3.4.1.1 Static analysis
				Experimental observations
				Effect of thermal residual stress
				Energy dissipation methods
			3.4.1.2 Static analysis conclusions
			3.4.1.3 Fatigue analysis
				CTB fatigue problem statement
				Results and comparisons
			3.4.1.4 Fatigue analysis conclusions
		3.4.2 Three-point bend with flange (3PB-F)
			3.4.2.1 Model description
			3.4.2.2 Results and discussion
				3PB-F Conclusions
	3.5 Ply-level constitutive behavior methods
	3.6 Machine learning methods
	3.7 Chapter conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
4 - Response of composite engineering structures to combined fire and mechanical loading and fatigue durability
	4.1 Introduction and background
		4.1.1 Marine composites and fire-related design criteria
		4.1.2 Wind turbine composites and fatigue-related design criteria
	4.2 Mechanistic description of fire and fatigue performance of structural composites
		4.2.1 Composites materials subjected to fire conditions
		4.2.2 Structural composites materials subjected to combined load and fire conditions
	4.3 Fatigue damage of structural composites
		4.3.1 Fatigue damage: constant amplitude loading
		4.3.2 Fatigue damage: effects of loading frequency
		4.3.3 Fatigue damage: spectrum fatigue loading
		4.3.4 Fatigue damage: temperature and moisture effects
	References
5 - Advanced composite wind turbine blade design and certification based on durability and damage tolerance
	5.1 Introduction
		5.1.1 Problem statement
		5.1.2 Background
		5.1.3 Objective
	5.2 Methodology
		5.2.1 Building block approach (ASTM coupon test standards)
		5.2.2 Composite material calibration
			5.2.2.1 Continuous fiber
			5.2.2.2 Woven fabric composites
			5.2.2.3 Nanoenhanced matrix
		5.2.3 Multi-scale progressive failure analysis
		5.2.4 Fracture mechanics
			5.2.4.1 Virtual crack closure technique
			5.2.4.2 Discrete cohesive zone modeling
		5.2.5 Probabilistic and reliability analysis
		5.2.6 Certification approach
	5.3 Wind blade design technique and analysis
	5.4 Results and discussion
		5.4.1 Material modeling calibration and validation
			5.4.1.1 Static properties calibration and validation
		5.4.2 Tapered blade analysis and results
			5.4.2.1 Failure prediction and test validation of tapered composite under static and fatigue loading
				Strain energy release rate
				Experimentation
				Material systems
				Simulation results
				Static simulation results
		5.4.3 Nine meter blade
			5.4.3.1 Durability and reliability of wind turbine composite blades using a robust design approach [10]
			5.4.3.2 Description of blade FEA model and blade materials
			5.4.3.3 Simulation of blade static test
			5.4.3.4 Fatigue evaluation of a 9-m wind turbine blade
			5.4.3.5 Blade weight analysis
			5.4.3.6 Blade durability and damage tolerance probabilistic sensitivity analysis
			5.4.3.7 Blade weight reduction with robust design
			5.4.3.8 Improving wind blade structural performance with the use of resin enriched with nanoparticles [11]
			5.4.3.9 Insertion of silica nanoparticles in a matrix of glass composite
			5.4.3.10 D&DTBlade results with glass composite infused with silica nanoparticles
			5.4.3.11 Summary
		5.4.4 Simulation of a 35-m wind turbine blade under fatigue loading
		5.4.5 Conclusion
	References
6 - Durability of fiber-reinforced plastics for infrastructure applications
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Application of fiber-reinforced polymer in civil infrastructure
		6.2.1 Internal reinforcement (rebar)
		6.2.2 External reinforcement
	6.3 Environmental conditions
	6.4 Durability of composites in aqueous environments
	6.5 Durability of composites in subzero and freeze–thaw conditions
	6.6 Durability of composites exposed to ultraviolet radiation
	6.7 Durability of composites exposed to elevated temperature and fire
	6.8 Durability of composites under fatigue loads
	6.9 Alkali effects
	6.10 Analytical models
		6.10.1 Predicting hygrothermal degradation of composites
		6.10.2 Prediction of bond strength at elevated temperature
	References
7 - Geosynthetics in geo-infrastructure applications
	7.1 Introduction and background
	7.2 Durability of geosynthetics
	7.3 Manufacturing processes
	7.4 Infrastructure application areas
	7.5 Transportation infrastructure case studies
		7.5.1 Case study 1: Geocells for reinforcing base materials
		7.5.2 Case study 2: Wicking geotextiles for pavement infrastructure
		7.5.3 Case study 3: Geofoam for mitigating bridge approach slab settlements
		7.5.4 Case study 4: Slope stability enhancement using fibers
	7.6 Summary
	Acknowledgments
	References
8 - Durability of composite materials for nuclear energy systems
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Mechanical properties of ceramics as pertains to the elemental release
	8.3 Corrosion/leaching studies of candidate single-phase and multiphase materials
		8.3.1 Corrosion and leaching techniques
		8.3.2 PCT product characterization test
		8.3.3 MCC-1 monolith test
		8.3.4 Vapor hydration test
		8.3.5 Corrosion studies of glass waste forms
		8.3.6 Corrosion studies of multiphase waste forms
			8.3.6.1 SYNROC type waste forms C
		8.3.7 Corrosion studies of single-phase waste forms
			8.3.7.1 Zirconolite and pyrochlore
			8.3.7.2 Perovskite
			8.3.7.3 Hollandite
		8.3.8 Uranium dioxide
	8.4 Radiation effects on surface, mechanical properties, and leaching
		8.4.1 Radiation damage processes
		8.4.2 Radiation damage process for crystalline structures
			8.4.2.1 Frenkel pair defects
			8.4.2.2 Electronic defects
			8.4.2.3 Volume change
			8.4.2.4 Crystalline long-range order amorphization
		8.4.3 Radiation induced surface damage
			8.4.3.1 Amorphization
			8.4.3.2 The effect of volume expansion on the surface
			8.4.3.3 How radiation effects mechanical properties
			8.4.3.4 How radiation effects leaching
	8.5 Morphology drivers for irreversible species diffusion and transport in HeteroFoams
		8.5.1 Flux of an included species
	References
9 - Work of electrochemical pressurization of a pore in an oxygen ion conducting solid electrolyte and implications concerning  ...
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Model
		9.2.1 Estimation of strain energy in YSZ
		9.2.2 Significance of internal pressurization
		9.2.3 The radial displacement
		9.2.4 Calculation of strain energy as work done when the pore diameter changes with pressure
		9.2.5 Pore pressurization
		9.2.6 A simplified derivation assuming a fixed pore radius (applicable at low pressures)
		9.2.7 Time required for pressurization
		9.2.8 Pore pressurization using a long cylinder and a piston
	9.3 Possible experiments
	9.4 Summary
	Acknowledgments
	References
10 - Durability of medical composite systems
	10.1 Composites in medical systems
		10.1.1 Implantable medical composites
			10.1.1.1 Dental composites
			10.1.1.2 Composites for organ implant
			10.1.1.3 Composites for bone implants
			10.1.1.4 Tissue engineered composites
			10.1.1.5 Composites for drug delivery
		10.1.2 Composites for external medical devices
			10.1.2.1 Composite wheelchairs and surgical tools
			10.1.2.2 Composites for medical machinery
			10.1.2.3 Composites for prosthetic devices
			10.1.2.4 Composites for wearable devices
	10.2 Properties affecting the durability of medical composite systems
		10.2.1 Biocompatibility
		10.2.2 Thermal expansion
		10.2.3 Elastic modulus and toughness
	10.3 Types of failure
		10.3.1 Degradation and corrosion
		10.3.2 Cavitation
		10.3.3 Wear
	10.4 Improving durability of medical composite systems
	10.5 Closing remarks
	References
11- Durability of bonded composite systems
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Types of adhesive bonding
	11.3 Theories of adhesive bonding
	11.4 Surface treatment method of adhesive bonding
	11.5 Surface characterization methods
	11.6 Durability and materials state analysis
		11.6.1 Environmental/aging
		11.6.2 Broadband dielectric spectroscopy for bond material state assessment
		11.6.3 Quality assessment of adhesive bonds based on broadband dielectric spectroscopy
	11.7 Conclusion
	References
12 - Durability of polymer matrix composites fabricated via additive manufacturing
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Approaches to composite additive manufacturing
		12.2.1 Short fiber fused filament fabrication
		12.2.2 Continuous fiber fused filament fabrication
			12.2.2.1 Dual nozzle continuous fiber fused filament fabrication
			12.2.2.2 Continuous fused filament fabrication via coextrusion
			12.2.2.3 Nonplanar fused filament fabrication
	12.3 Techniques for enhancing the durability of composite FFF structures
		12.3.1 Voids in printed structures
			12.3.1.1 Effect of print parameters on material density
			12.3.1.2 Effect of deposition toolpath on material density
		12.3.2 Weld strength in composite FFF processing
		12.3.3 Wetting and fiber-matrix interfacial bond strength
		12.3.4 Effect of printed fiber orientation and distribution
			12.3.4.1 Fiber orientation and distribution effects on mechanical properties
			12.3.4.2 Fiber orientation around holes
			12.3.4.3 Z-pinning
	12.4 Engineered composite cellular structures
		12.4.1 Open cell composite lattice structures
		12.4.2 Closed cell plate lattice structures
	12.5 Summary and conclusions
	References
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
	Y
	Z
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