Duplicity Theory of Vision: From Newton to the Present

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Acknowledgements......Page 15
1.1 Roots of the duplicity theory of vision: Ancient Greeks......Page 17
1.2 Further development of the duplicity theory......Page 19
Part I The development of the basic ideas of the duplicity theory from Newton to G. E. Müller......Page 22
2.1 Newtons universal colour theory......Page 23
2.2 An alternative to Newtons theories of light and colour......Page 24
2.3 Phototransduction in the retina and signal transmission to the brain: Newton's speculations......Page 27
2.4 Newton's gravitation principle applied to colour mixture data......Page 28
2.6 Young's colour theory: three instead of seven primaries......Page 30
2.7 Maxwell: triplicity of colour vision proved......Page 32
2.8 Helmholtz: the Young-Helmholtz colour theory......Page 36
3.2 Evidence in favour of the theory......Page 38
3.3 One or several types of cone?......Page 39
3.4 Phototransduction is photochemical in nature: Boll and Khne......Page 41
3.5 Boll: discovery of rhodopsin as a visual photopigment......Page 42
3.6 Kuhne: several photochemical substances in the retina......Page 43
3.8 Parinaud and Konig: early reformulations of the duplicity theory......Page 45
3.9 The duplicity theory of Parinaud......Page 46
3.11 The duplicity theory of Konig......Page 48
3.12 The duplicity theory of von Kries......Page 50
1. Lights that match in day vision may differ in twilight vision: the Purkinje phenomenon.......Page 51
3. Isolation of twilight vision. Congenital, total colour-blindness. Nyctalopia. On comparative anatomy.......Page 52
3.13 An attempt to unify the theories of Schultze and Young-Helmholtz......Page 54
4.1 Phenomenological analysis may reveal underlying material processes......Page 57
4.2 The colour theory of J. W. von Goethe......Page 58
4.3 Goethe's contribution......Page 60
4.4 The colour theory of Ewald Hering......Page 61
4.5 Experiments in support of Hering's colour theory......Page 65
4.6 Contributions of Hering......Page 66
5.1 The colour theory of Tschermak......Page 68
5.2 The duplicity theory of G. E. Muller......Page 69
5.2.2 Cones may inhibit regeneration of rhodopsin......Page 70
5.2.3 Rods subserving chromatic colour vision......Page 71
5.2.4 Three types of cones and five pairs of opponent processes......Page 72
5.2.5  Activation of opponent processes by P1, P2 and P3......Page 73
5.2.8 The P3 system......Page 74
5.3 Evaluation of G. E. Muller's colour theory......Page 75
Part II The development of the duplicity theory from 1930–1966......Page 77
6 The duplicity theory of Polyak......Page 78
6.1 Trichromacy of colour vision explained by three types of bipolar cell......Page 79
6.3 The specific fibre-energy doctrine questioned......Page 81
6.4 Applications of Polyak's colour theory......Page 82
6.5 Common pathways of rods and cones......Page 83
6.6 Explanations of acuity and sensitivity differences between rods and cones......Page 85
6.7 The functional potentials of the synaptic arrangement......Page 86
7.2 The electrical responses in single optic nerve fibres of Limulus......Page 88
7.3 The electrical responses in single optic nerve fibres of the frog......Page 90
7.4 Receptive field organization of rods and cones: Kuffler's investigation......Page 91
8.1 Supporting evidence for the duplicity theory from the ERG technique......Page 94
8.2 The dominator-modulator theory......Page 97
8.2.1. The trichromatic colour theory challenged......Page 98
8.3 Schultze's duplicity theory challenged......Page 99
9 Contributions of E. N. Willmer, P. Saugstad & A. Saugstad, and I. Lie......Page 102
9.1.1 Colour vision explained by two types of rod and one type of cone......Page 103
9.1.2 Evidence supporting Willmer's duplicity theory......Page 105
9.1.3 Reformulation of Willmer's duplicity theory......Page 106
9.1.4 Evidence supporting rods as 'blue' primaries......Page 107
9.1.5 Evidence opposing rods as 'blue' primaries......Page 108
9.2.1 Reformulation of Schultze's duplicity theory......Page 110
9.2.2 Evidence in support of Schultze's duplicity theory......Page 112
9.2.3 Evidence against Schultze's duplicity theory......Page 113
9.3.1 Psychophysical experiments......Page 116
9.3.3 An alternative explanatory model......Page 119
10.1 Elaboration and revision of the two most basic assumptions of Schultze's duplicity theory......Page 121
Part III Chromatic rod vision: a historical account......Page 124
11 Night vision may appear bluish......Page 125
12.1 All principle hues may be observed in scotopic vision......Page 129
12.2 Scotopic contrast colours are triggered by rod signals......Page 130
12.3 Scotopic contrast colours depend on selective chromatic adaptation of cones......Page 131
12.4 Scotopic hues explained......Page 132
12.5 Modifications of Hering's opponent colour theory......Page 134
13.1 Rod-cone interactions under mesopic conditions in a chromatically neutral state of adaptation......Page 136
13.2 Rod-cone interactions under mesopic conditions in a chromatic state of adaptation......Page 138
14.1 Contribution of J. J. McCann and J. L. Benton......Page 140
14.2 Contribution of P. W. Trezona......Page 142
14.3 Contribution of C. F. Stromeyer III......Page 143
14.4 Contribution of S. Buck and co-workers......Page 144
14.5. Contribution of J. L. Nerger and co-workers......Page 145
Part IV Theories of sensitivity regulation of the rod and cone systems: a historical account......Page 147
15 Introduction......Page 148
16 Early photochemical explanations......Page 149
17.1 Hecht's photochemical theory......Page 151
17.2 Supporting evidence obtained from invertebrates......Page 152
17.3 Supporting evidence obtained from psychophysical experiments......Page 153
18.1 Molecular basis of bleaching and regeneration of photopigments in rods and cones......Page 156
18.3 The neural factor refuted......Page 160
19.2 Results of Granit......Page 163
19.3 Granit'
s explanation......Page 164
19.4 Wald'
s explanation: compartment theory......Page 165
19.5 A logarithmic relationship between sensitivity and amount of bleached photopigment......Page 168
19.6 Contribution of J. E. Dowling......Page 169
19.7 Contribution of W.A.H. Rushton: relationship between sensitivity and amount of bleached rhodopsin in humans......Page 170
20.1 Psychophysical evidence......Page 173
20.2 Anatomical and electrophysiological evidence......Page 174
21.1 Each receptor type has a separate and independent adaptation pool......Page 176
21.2 Are light and dark adaptation really equivalent?......Page 178
21.3 A decisive experiment......Page 179
21.4 The adaptation mechanisms explored by the after-flash technique......Page 180
21.5 Limitations of Rushton'
s photochemical theory......Page 182
22.2 Both noise and neural mechanisms involved......Page 185
22.3 Evidence in support of the noise theory......Page 186
22.4 Opposing evidence......Page 187
22.5 Sensitivity difference between rods and cones explained......Page 188
23 Rushton and Barlow compared......Page 190
24.1 Contribution of T.D. Lamb......Page 191
24.2 The search for a new formula......Page 193
24.3 Differences between rod and cone dark adaptation......Page 195
24.4 Light and dark adaptation are not equivalent......Page 196
24.5 Allosteric regulation of dark adaptation......Page 197
24.6 A search for the allosteric adaptation mechanisms......Page 198
25 Several mechanisms involved in sensitivity regulation......Page 202
26 Sensitivity regulation due to rod-cone interaction......Page 206
27 Modern conceptions of sensitivity regulation......Page 208
Part V Factors that triggered the paradigm shifts in the development of the duplicity theory......Page 211
28 Summary of K. R. Popper's and T. S. Kuhn's models of scientific development......Page 215
29 The development of the duplicity theory as a test of Popper's and Kuhn's models......Page 219
References......Page 223
Index......Page 237