Drugs, Society, and Human Behavior

Title Page
Copyright
Brief Contents
Contents
List of Boxes
About the Authors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Section One Drug Use in Modern Society
	1 Drug Use: An Overview
		“The Drug Problem”
			Use Is Not Abuse
			Every Drug Has Multiple Effects
			Amount Matters
			Psychoactive Drug Effects Are Powerfully Influenced by the User’s History and Expectations
			Drugs, Per Se, Are Not Good or Bad
		How Did We Get Here?
		Drugs and Drug Use Today
			Extent of Drug Use
			Populations of Users
			Trends in Drug Use
		Correlates of Drug Use
			Risk and Protective Factors
			Deviant Drug Use
			Race, Gender, and Level of Education
			Personality Variables
			Genetics
			Antecedents of Drug Use
			Gateway Substances
			Motives for Drug Use
		Summary
		Review Questions
		References
		Check Yourself: Do Your Goals and Behaviors Match?
	2 Drug Use as a Social Problem
		Land of the Free?
		Toxicity
			Categories of Toxicity
			Drug Abuse Warning Network
			How Dangerous Is the Drug?
			Blood-Borne Diseases
		Substance Dependence: What Is It?
			Three Basic Processes
			Changing Views of Addiction
			Which Is More Important, Physical Dependence or Psychological Dependence?
		Broad Views of Addiction
			Is Addiction Caused by the Substance?
			Is Dependence Biological?
			Is There an “Addictive Personality”?
			Is Dependence a Family Disorder?
			Is Substance Dependence a Disease?
		Crime and Violence: Does Drug Use Cause Crime?
		Why We Try to Regulate Drugs
		Summary
		Review Questions
		References
		Check Yourself: Are You Hooked on an Activity?
		Check Yourself: What’s Your Risk of Drug Toxicity?
	3 Drug Policy
		The Beginnings
			Reformism
			Issues Leading to Legislation
			1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act
			Harrison Act of 1914
			Two Bureaus, Two Types of Regulation
		Regulation of Pharmaceuticals
			Purity
			Safety
			Effectiveness
			Marketing a New Drug
			Dietary Supplements
		Controlled Substances
			After the Harrison Act
			Narcotic Control Act of 1956
			Drug Abuse Control Amendments of 1965
			Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970
			Anti-Drug Abuse Acts of 1986 and 1988
		State and Local Regulations
		Federal Support for Drug Screening
			Military and Federal Employees
			Transportation Workers
			Private Employers
			Public Schools
			Testing Methods
		The Impact of Drug Enforcement
			Budget
			International Programs
			Other Federal Agencies
			Other Costs
			Effectiveness of Control
		Summary
		Review Questions
		References
		Check Yourself: Consider the Consequences
Section Two How Drugs Work
	4 The Nervous System
		Homeostasis
		Components of the Nervous System
			Neurons
			Glia
		Neurotransmission
			Action Potential
		The Nervous System(s)
			Somatic Nervous System
			Autonomic Nervous System
			Central Nervous System
		The Brain
			Chemical Pathways Implicated in Reward
			Structures
		Drugs and the Brain
			Life Cycle of a Neurotransmitter
			Examples of Drug Actions
		Chemical Theories of Behavior
		Brain Imaging Techniques
			Structural Imaging
			Functional Imaging
			Word of Caution
		Summary
		Review Questions
		References
	5 The Actions of Drugs
		Sources and Names of Drugs
			Sources of Drugs
			Names of Drugs
		Categories of Drugs
		Drug Effects
			Nonspecific (Placebo) Effects
			Dose-Response Relationships
			Potency
			Time-Dependent Factors in Drug Actions
		Getting the Drug to the Brain
			A Little “Chemistry”
			Routes of Administration
			Transport in the Blood
			More about the Blood-Brain Barrier
		Mechanisms of Drug Actions
			Effects on All Neurons
			Effects on Specific Neurotransmitter Systems
		Drug Deactivation
		Mechanisms of Tolerance and Withdrawal Symptoms
		Summary
		Review Questions
		References
Section Three Uppers and Downers
	6 Stimulants
		Cocaine
			History
			Coca Wine
			Local Anesthesia
			Early Psychiatric Uses
			Early Legal Controls on Cocaine
			Forms of Cocaine
			Contemporary Legal Controls on Cocaine
			Mechanism of Action
			Absorption and Elimination
			Beneficial Uses
			Causes for Concern
			Supplies of Illicit Cocaine
			Current Patterns of Cocaine Use
		Amphetamines
			History
			Basic Pharmacology
			Beneficial Uses
			Causes for Concern
		Summary
		Review Questions
		References
	7 Depressants and Inhalants
		History and Pharmacology
			Before Barbiturates
			Barbiturates
			Meprobamate
			Methaqualone
			Benzodiazepines
			Nonbenzodiazepine Hypnotics
		Mechanism of Action
		Beneficial Uses
			Anxiolytics
			Sleeping Pills
			Anticonvulsants
		Causes for Concern
			Dependence Liability
			Toxicity
			Patterns of Abuse
		Inhalants
			Gaseous Anesthetics
			Nitrites
			Volatile Solvents
		Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acid
		Summary
		Review Questions
		References
	8 Medication for Mental Disorders
		Mental Disorders
			The Medical Model
			Classification of Mental Disorders
		Treatment of Mental Disorders
			Before 1950
			Antipsychotics
			Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs
			Antidepressants
			Electroconvulsive Therapy
			Mood Stabilizers
		Consequences of Drug Treatments for Mental Illness
		Summary
		Review Questions
		References
		Check Yourself: Track Your Daily Mood Changes
Section Four Alcohol
	9 Alcohol
		Alcoholic Beverages
			Fermentation and Fermentation Products
			Distilled Products
			Beer
			Wine
			Distilled Spirits
		Alcohol Use and “The Alcohol Problem”
			The Temperance Movement in America
			Prohibition
			Prohibition Worked!
			Prohibition Is Repealed
			Regulation after 1933
			Taxation
		Who Drinks? And Why?
			Cultural Influences on Drinking
			Trends in U.S. Alcohol Consumption
			Regional Differences in the United States
			Gender Differences
			Drinking among College Students
		Alcohol Pharmacology
			Absorption
			Distribution
			Metabolism
			Mechanism(s) of Action
		Behavioral Effects
			Time-Out
			Driving under the Influence
			Sexual Behavior
			Blackouts
			Crime and Violence
			Physiological Effects
		Alcohol Toxicity
			Alcohol Poisoning
			Hangover
			Chronic Disease States
		Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
		Alcohol Dependence
			Withdrawal Syndrome
			Alcohol Use Disorder
		Summary
		Review Questions
		References
		Check Yourself: Do You Have a Drinking Problem?
Section Five Familiar Drugs
	10 Tobacco
		Tobacco History
			Early Medical Uses
			The Spread of Tobacco Use
			Snuff
			Tobacco in Early America
			Chewing Tobacco
			Cigars
			Cigarettes
		Tobacco under Attack
			The Quest for “Safer” Cigarettes
			Electronic Cigarettes
			Tobacco Products and the FDA
			Current Cigarette Use
			Smokeless Tobacco
			Hookahs
		Causes for Concern
			Adverse Health Effects
			Secondhand Smoke
			Smoking and Health in Other Countries
			Smoking and Pregnancy
		Pharmacology of Nicotine
			Absorption and Metabolism
			Physiological Effects
			Behavioral Effects
			Nicotine Dependence
		How to Stop Smoking
		Summary
		Review Questions
		References
		Check Yourself: Test Your Tobacco Awareness
	11 Caffeine
		Caffeine: The World’s Most Common Psychostimulant
			Coffee
			Tea
			Chocolate
		Other Sources of Caffeine
			Soft Drinks
			Energy Drinks
			Over-the-Counter Drugs
		Caffeine Pharmacology
			Time Course
			Mechanism of Action
			Physiological Effects
			Behavioral Effects
		Causes for Concern
			Cancer
			Reproductive Effects
			Heart Disease
			Caffeinism
		Summary
		Review Questions
		References
		Check Yourself: How Much Caffeine Do You Consume?
	12 Dietary Supplements and Over-the-Counter Drugs
		Dietary Supplements
		Some Psychoactive Dietary Supplements
			Saint John’s Wort
			SAMe
			Ginkgo biloba
		Weight-Control Products
		Over-the-Counter Drugs
		FDA Regulation of OTC Products
		Simplifying Labels
		Over-the-Counter versus Prescription Drugs
			Behind-the-Counter Drugs?
		Some Psychoactive OTC Products
			Stimulants
			Weight-Control Products
			Sedatives and Sleep Aids
		Analgesics
			People and Pain
			Aspirin
			Acetaminophen
			Ibuprofen and Other NSAIDs
		Cold and Allergy Products
			The All-Too-Common Cold
			Treatment of Cold Symptoms
			Allergy and Sinus Medications
		Choosing an OTC Product
		Summary
		Review Questions
		References
		Check Yourself: Can You Guess What These OTC Products Are Used For?
Section Six Restricted Drugs
	13 Opioids
		History of Opioids
			Opium
			Morphine
			Heroin
			Opioid Abuse before the Harrison Act
			Abuse after the Harrison Act
			Abuse of Prescription Opioids
		Pharmacology of Opioids
			Chemical Characteristics
			Mechanism of Action
		Beneficial Uses
			Pain Relief
			Intestinal Disorders
			Cough Suppressants
		Causes for Concern
			Dependence Potential
			Toxicity Potential
			Misconceptions and Preconceptions
		Summary
		Review Questions
		References
	14 Psychedelics
		Animism and Religion
		Terminology and Types
			Indoles
			Catechols
		N-Methyl-DL-Aspartate (NMDA) Antagonists
			PCP
			Anticholinergic Psychedelics
			Amanita Muscaria
			Salvia Divinorum
		Summary
		Review Questions
		References
	15 Cannabis
		Cannabis, the Plant
		Preparations from Cannabis
			Extracts
			Edibles
		History
			Early History
			Harry Anslinger’s Case against Marijuana
			The Marijuana Tax Act of 1937
			After the Marijuana Tax Act
		Pharmacology
			Cannabinoid Chemicals
			Absorption, Distribution, and Elimination
			Mechanism of Action
			Physiological Effects
			Behavioral Effects
		Medical Uses of Cannabis
		Causes for Concern
			Abuse and Dependence
			Toxicity Potential
		Marijuana and American Society
		Summary
		Review Questions
		References
	16 Performance-Enhancing Drugs
		Historical Use of Drugs in Athletics
			Ancient Times
			Early Use of Stimulants
			Amphetamines
			International Drug Testing
			American Football
			Steroids
			The BALCO Scandal
			The Battle over Testing
		Stimulants as Performance Enhancers
		Steroids
			Psychological Effects of Steroids
			Adverse Effects on the Body
			Regulation
		Other Hormonal Manipulations
		Beta-2 Agonists
		Creatine
		Getting “Cut”
		Summary
		Review Questions
		References
Section Seven Prevention and Harm Reduction
	17 Preventing Substance Abuse
		Defining Goals and Evaluating Outcomes
		Types of Prevention
		Prevention Programs in the Schools
			The Knowledge-Attitudes-Behavior Model
			Affective Education
			Antidrug Norms
			Development of the Social Influence Model
			DARE
			Programs That Work
		Peers, Parents, and the Community
			Peer Programs
			Parent and Family Programs
			Community Programs
			Prevention in the Workplace
		What Should We Be Doing?
		Summary
		Review Questions
		References
		Check Yourself: Do Your Goals and Behaviors Match?
	18 Rethinking Drug Policy: What Works, What’s Possible, and What’s Feasible
		Impetus for Change
		Drug Decriminalization
		Uncommon Strategies to Enhance Public Health and Safety
			Drug Purity-Testing
			Heroin-Assisted Treatment
			Safe Drug Consumption Sites
		Concluding Remarks
		Summary
		Review Questions
		References
Appendix A Drug Names
Appendix B Resources for Information and Assistance
Glossary
Index