Drug use and abuse: a comprehensive introduction

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
Dedication......Page 4
PREFACE......Page 15
ABOUT THE AUTHOR......Page 20
BRIEF CONTENTS......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 6
CHAPTER 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO DRUG USE AND ABUSE......Page 22
The Gateway to Illegal Drug Use......Page 23
Drugs: Reaching a Definition......Page 24
Drug Use, Abuse, and Addiction......Page 25
Drug Use Continuum......Page 26
Addiction......Page 27
Stimulants......Page 28
Estimating the Extent of Drug Use......Page 33
Monitoring the Future......Page 34
Drug Abuse Warning Network......Page 35
NNICC Narcotics Intelligence Estimates......Page 36
Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring......Page 37
Drug Use: How Much, How Many?......Page 38
Drugs and Crime......Page 41
Research on Adolescents......Page 42
Research on Adults......Page 43
Drugs Use and Violence......Page 45
Summary......Page 47
Review Questions......Page 48
CHAPTER 2 DRUG USE, DRUG ABUSE, AND DRUG LEGISLATION: A HISTORY......Page 49
Alcohol and the Temperance Movement......Page 50
National Prohibition......Page 52
Opium: A Long History......Page 53
Morphine and Heroin......Page 55
China and the Opium Wars......Page 56
The Second Opium War......Page 58
The Chinese Problem and the American Response......Page 59
China and the International Opium Conference......Page 61
The Harrison Act......Page 63
Case Law Results......Page 65
Narcotic Clinics and Enforcement......Page 66
The Uniform Drug Act......Page 69
Cocaine......Page 71
Cocaine in the Nineteenth Century......Page 72
Cocaine in the Twentieth Century......Page 73
Marijuana......Page 74
Early Marijuana Legislation and Literature......Page 75
Counterculture Use and Changing Laws......Page 76
Amphetamine......Page 78
Tranquilizers and Sedatives......Page 79
Hallucinogens......Page 80
Government Action after World War II......Page 82
A Turn Toward Treatment......Page 83
Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970......Page 85
Drug Scare of the 1980s......Page 86
The Twenty-First Century......Page 87
Summary......Page 88
Review Questions......Page 90
CHAPTER 3 THE BIOLOGY OF DRUG USE AND ABUSE......Page 93
Biological Theories of Drug Use and Abuse......Page 94
Polydrug Use......Page 95
The Disease Model......Page 97
Genetic Predisposition......Page 98
Psychoactive Substances and the Central Nervous System......Page 99
The Brain......Page 100
Neurons......Page 101
Neurotransmitters......Page 103
Drug Ingestion......Page 105
Tolerance......Page 106
Drug Cues......Page 107
Summary......Page 108
Review Questions......Page 109
CHAPTER 4 DEPRESSANTS......Page 110
Endorphins......Page 111
Stress and Addiction......Page 112
Heroin......Page 113
Effects of Heroin......Page 117
Heroin Withdrawal......Page 119
Medical Use of Heroin......Page 120
Dangers of Heroin Use......Page 121
Barbiturates......Page 122
Effects of Barbiturates......Page 123
Medical Use of Barbiturates......Page 124
Benzodiazepines......Page 125
Medical Use of Benzodiazepines......Page 126
Dangers of Tranquilizer Use......Page 127
Alcohol......Page 128
Effects of Alcohol......Page 131
Alcohol Tolerance and Withdrawal......Page 136
Dangers of Alcohol Use......Page 137
Analogs and Designer Drugs......Page 139
Summary......Page 141
Review Questions......Page 142
CHAPTER 5 STIMULANTS......Page 143
Effects of Cocaine......Page 145
Coca Paste and Cocaine Combinations......Page 149
Crack......Page 150
Cocaine Withdrawal......Page 152
Dangers of Cocaine Use......Page 153
Amphetamines......Page 156
Effects of Amphetamines......Page 159
Medical Use of Amphetamines......Page 161
Dangers of Methamphetamine Use......Page 162
Effects of Nicotine......Page 164
Nicotine Tolerance and Withdrawal......Page 167
Dangers of Nicotine Use......Page 168
Caffeine......Page 170
Summary......Page 171
Review Questions......Page 172
CHAPTER 6 HALLUCINOGENS, CLUB DRUGS, MARIJUANA, INHALANTS, AND PRESCRIPTION DRUGS......Page 174
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)......Page 175
Effects of LSD......Page 176
Dangers of LSD Use......Page 178
Phencyclidine (PCP)......Page 179
Effects of PCP......Page 180
Dangers of PCP Use......Page 181
Mushrooms and Cactus......Page 182
Ecstasy......Page 183
Ketamine......Page 188
Rohypnol......Page 189
GHB and GBL......Page 190
Marijuana......Page 191
Effects of Cannabis......Page 192
Marijuana Tolerance and Withdrawal......Page 193
Dangers of Marijuana Use......Page 194
Effects of Inhalants and Solvents......Page 195
Prescription and Over-the-Counter Drug Abuse......Page 196
Summary......Page 204
Review Questions......Page 206
CHAPTER 7 THE SOCIOLOGY OF DRUG ABUSE......Page 207
Sociological Theory......Page 208
Stages of Drug Use......Page 209
Alcohol......Page 210
Heroin and Cocaine......Page 211
Response to Anomie......Page 214
Problems with the Theory......Page 215
The Adaptive Model of Anomie......Page 216
Differential Association......Page 217
Social Control Theory......Page 219
Subcultures and Cultural Deviance......Page 220
Symbolic Interactionism/Labeling......Page 223
Summary......Page 225
Review Questions......Page 226
CHAPTER 8 THE PSYCHOLOGY OF DRUG USE AND ABUSE......Page 227
Psychology and Personality......Page 228
The Stages of Psychological Development......Page 229
Divisions of the Psyche......Page 232
Drug Use and Adolescence......Page 235
Ego Deficiencies......Page 236
Regression to Infant Sexuality......Page 237
Operant Conditioning......Page 238
Behavior Modification......Page 239
Cognitive Learning Theory......Page 240
A Psychosociological Dimension......Page 242
Summary......Page 243
Review Questions......Page 244
CHAPTER 9 DRUG USE AND ABUSE: PREVENTION......Page 245
Models for Prevention......Page 246
Information Model......Page 248
Affective Model......Page 249
Effective Prevention Strategies......Page 250
Project D.A.R.E.......Page 252
Reconnecting Youth......Page 253
Strengthening Families Program......Page 254
Prevention Research......Page 255
Technical Problems and Criticisms......Page 258
Drug Testing......Page 259
Drug-Testing Process......Page 261
Testing Problems......Page 262
Summary......Page 263
Review Questions......Page 264
CHAPTER 10 DRUG USE AND ABUSE: TREATMENT......Page 265
The Cure Industry......Page 266
Treatment......Page 267
Medication-Assisted Treatment......Page 268
Opioid Antagonists......Page 269
Chemicals for Detoxification......Page 270
Opioid Agonists......Page 271
Chemical Responses to Cocaine Abuse......Page 276
A Psychoanalytic Approach......Page 278
Behavior Modification......Page 280
Group Treatment......Page 285
Treatment Programs in the Criminal Justice System......Page 287
Drug Courts......Page 289
Treatment Alternative to Street Crime (TASC)......Page 291
Therapeutic Community......Page 292
Chemical Dependency Programs......Page 297
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) Twelve-steps......Page 299
The AA Program......Page 300
AA Organization......Page 301
Narcotics Anonymous......Page 302
The Minnesota Model......Page 303
Alternatives to AA......Page 304
Evaluating Treatment Effectiveness......Page 305
Measuring AA/Twelve-Step Effectiveness......Page 307
Summary......Page 308
Review Questions......Page 309
CHAPTER 11 THE BUSINESS OF DRUGS......Page 311
The Terrorism Connection......Page 313
Colombia......Page 314
Mexico......Page 322
From Heroin to Cocaine......Page 326
Methamphetamine and Marijuana......Page 329
Golden Triangle......Page 330
Triads......Page 334
Golden Crescent......Page 336
Dominicans......Page 339
Street-Level Drug Business......Page 341
Marijuana......Page 345
Methamphetamine......Page 346
LSD......Page 347
Money Laundering......Page 348
Summary......Page 352
Review Questions......Page 353
CHAPTER 12 DRUG LAWS AND LAW ENFORCEMENT......Page 355
Conceptual Models of Criminal Justice......Page 356
The Fourth Amendment and the Exclusionary Rule......Page 357
Jurisdictional Limitations......Page 358
International Efforts......Page 360
Corruption......Page 361
Informants......Page 362
Statutes and Legal Requirements......Page 365
Conspiracy......Page 369
Money Laundering Act......Page 370
Seizure and Forfeiture......Page 371
Law Enforcement Agencies......Page 374
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)......Page 375
Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)......Page 378
Internal Revenue Service (IRS)......Page 380
The Military......Page 381
Strike Forces and Task Forces......Page 383
Interpol......Page 384
Street-Level Law Enforcement......Page 385
Issues in Drug Law Enforcement......Page 388
Summary......Page 390
Review Questions......Page 391
CHAPTER 13 DRUG USE AND ABUSE POLICY I: THE U.S. MODEL......Page 393
Incongruities Between Facts and Policies......Page 395
Supply Reduction Through the Criminal Sanction......Page 397
A Racist Drug War?......Page 398
Would Changing the Penalties Help?......Page 399
Improving Drug Law Enforcement......Page 400
Supply Reduction by Controlling Drugs at Their Source......Page 402
The “Balloon Effect” and Human Rights Violations......Page 403
Economic Importance of the Coca Crop in Peru and Bolivia......Page 404
Crop Eradication or Substitution......Page 405
Drug Enforcement and Foreign Policy......Page 407
Demand Reduction by Expanding Treatment......Page 410
Measuring the Results of Policy Changes......Page 411
Summary......Page 412
Review Questions......Page 413
CHAPTER 14 DRUG USE AND ABUSE POLICY II: DECRIMINALIZATION AND HARM REDUCTION......Page 414
The Pros......Page 415
The Cons......Page 417
Policy: Focus on Causes......Page 418
Models of Decriminalization......Page 419
Medical Maintenance......Page 421
Marijuana Policy......Page 422
Needle Exchange Programs......Page 425
Harm Reduction......Page 427
Principles of Harm Reduction......Page 428
Harm Reduction in the United Kingdom......Page 429
The Merseyside Model......Page 431
Dutch Drug Policy......Page 432
Portugal......Page 435
Harm Reduction Elsewhere......Page 436
Harm Reduction Education......Page 437
A Comprehensive Program for Responding to Drug Abuse......Page 439
Summary......Page 441
Review Questions......Page 442
GLOSSARY......Page 443
REFERENCES......Page 448
NAME INDEX......Page 486
SUBJECT INDEX......Page 492