Drug Use and Abuse (6th Edition)

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 3
Copyright Page......Page 4
Dedication......Page 5
ABOUT THE AUTHORS......Page 6
BRIEF CONTENTS......Page 7
PREFACE......Page 13
CONTENTS......Page 8
CHAPTER 1 Drug Use and Abuse......Page 17
Pharmacology and Drugs......Page 19
Drug Classification......Page 20
The Drug Experience......Page 21
Alcohol and Drug Use in the United States......Page 22
National Household Survey......Page 23
Summary of Survey Data......Page 25
Multiple Drug Use......Page 26
International Comparisons of Drug Use......Page 27
Negative Consequences of Alcoholand Drug Use......Page 28
Defining Harmful Drug Use......Page 29
Use of the DSM-IV......Page 30
Drug Tolerance, Withdrawal, and Drug-Taking Behavior......Page 33
Overview of the Text......Page 35
Evaluating Websites......Page 36
Summary......Page 37
CHAPTER 2 Drug Use: Yesterday and Today......Page 40
Historical Overview......Page 41
Drug Use in the United States......Page 43
Development of Drug Laws......Page 48
Pure Food and Drug Act......Page 49
Harrison Narcotics Tax Act......Page 50
Alcohol Prohibition......Page 51
Post-Prohibition Legislation......Page 52
Current Drug Laws......Page 53
Summary......Page 58
CHAPTER 3 Drugs and the Nervous System......Page 62
The Neuron......Page 63
Neural Transmission......Page 64
Drugs and Neural Transmission......Page 66
Acetylcholine......Page 68
Monoamines......Page 69
Amino Acid Neurotransmitters......Page 71
The Nervous System......Page 72
The Brain......Page 73
The Hindbrain......Page 74
The Forebrain......Page 75
Imaging the Human Brain......Page 78
Summary......Page 79
CHAPTER 4 Pharmacology......Page 82
Drug Dose......Page 84
Routes of Administration......Page 85
Drug Distribution......Page 89
Drug Elimination......Page 92
Summary......Page 95
The Dose-Effect Curve......Page 96
Effective and Lethal Doses......Page 100
Drug Interactions......Page 102
Summary......Page 104
CHAPTER 5 Psychopharmacology and New Drug Development......Page 107
Biological Characteristics......Page 108
Psychological Characteristics......Page 109
Social and Environmental Factors......Page 112
Types of Tolerance......Page 113
Explanations of Tolerance......Page 114
Behavioral Pharmacology......Page 117
Reinforcement and Punishment......Page 118
Operant Principles and Drug Dependence......Page 119
Drug Discrimination......Page 120
Animal Models and Human Drug Use......Page 121
Placebo Controls......Page 122
Clinical Trials and FDA Approval......Page 124
Distribution and Marketing......Page 126
Generic Drugs......Page 127
Summary......Page 128
CHAPTER 6 Cocaine, Amphetamines, and Related Stimulants......Page 131
The Coca Leaf......Page 132
Early Use of Cocaine......Page 134
The Amphetamines......Page 136
Cocaine Epidemic II......Page 137
The Return of Meth......Page 142
Pharmacokinetics of Stimulants......Page 145
Physiological Effects......Page 146
Behavioral Effects......Page 147
Tolerance......Page 149
Stimulant Drugs and ADHD......Page 151
Summary......Page 155
CHAPTER 7 Nicotine......Page 157
The West Discovers Tobacco......Page 159
From Panacea to Panned......Page 160
Smoking in the United States......Page 161
Initiation of Smoking......Page 163
Smokeless Tobacco Use......Page 164
Pharmacokinetics......Page 165
Tolerance......Page 167
Acute Effects of Nicotine......Page 168
Nicotine’s Dependence Liability......Page 169
Effects of Chronic Tobacco Use......Page 170
Tar, Nicotine, and Carbon Monoxide......Page 172
Diseases Linked to Cigarette Smoking......Page 173
Passive Smoking......Page 174
Treatment of Cigarette Smoking......Page 176
The Necessity of Formal Treatment......Page 177
Treatment Effectiveness......Page 178
Conclusions about the Treatment of Cigarette Smoking......Page 180
Summary......Page 183
CHAPTER 8 Caffeine......Page 186
Sources of Caffeine......Page 187
History of Caffeine Use......Page 189
Prevalence of Caffeine Consumption......Page 190
Sites of Action......Page 192
Tolerance and Dependence......Page 193
Acute Effects of Caffeine......Page 194
Behavioral and Psychological Effects......Page 195
Interactions among Caffeine, Nicotine, and Alcohol......Page 197
Acute Toxic Effects of Caffeine......Page 198
Chronic Effects of Caffeine Use......Page 199
Therapeutic Uses of Caffeine......Page 201
Summary......Page 202
CHAPTER 9 Alcohol......Page 205
Fermentation and Distillation......Page 206
History of Alcohol Use......Page 208
Consumption of Alcohol and Heavy Drinking in the United States......Page 211
PerCapita Consumption......Page 212
Consumption of Alcohol and Heavy Drinking among College Students......Page 214
Pharmacokinetics of Alcohol......Page 216
Physical Dependence......Page 221
Acute Effects of Alcohol......Page 223
Physiological Effects......Page 224
Sensorimotor Effects......Page 226
Alcohol and Driving Ability......Page 227
Alcohol and Behavior......Page 229
Effects of Chronic Heavy Drinking......Page 233
Alcohol and Brain Functioning......Page 234
Alcohol and the Liver......Page 236
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome......Page 237
Moderate Drinking and Health......Page 239
Traditional Approaches to Etiology......Page 241
“Biopsychosocial” Approaches to Etiology......Page 242
Summary......Page 244
CHAPTER 10 Opiates......Page 248
Early History......Page 249
Opiate Use in the 19th Century......Page 250
Opiate Use in the 20th Century and Today......Page 252
Prescription Opiate Abuse......Page 257
Discovery of Endorphins......Page 259
What Do Endorphins Do?......Page 260
Medical Use of Opiate Drugs......Page 261
Acute Psychological and Physiological Effects of Opiates......Page 264
Tolerance......Page 265
Withdrawal and Dependence......Page 266
Summary......Page 267
CHAPTER 11 Marijuana......Page 270
Historical Overview......Page 272
Cannabis in the New World......Page 273
Committee Reports on Marijuana......Page 276
Epidemiology......Page 277
Methods of Use......Page 280
Active Ingredients......Page 281
Absorption......Page 282
Research Findings......Page 283
Tolerance and Dependence......Page 284
History of Therapeutic Use......Page 285
Nausea and Vomiting......Page 286
Other Uses......Page 288
Longer-Term Effects......Page 289
Behavioral Effects......Page 291
Cognitive Effects......Page 292
Emotional Effects......Page 293
Social and Environmental Effects......Page 294
Summary......Page 296
CHAPTER 12 Hallucinogens......Page 299
Overview......Page 300
Early History......Page 301
Recent History......Page 304
Pharmacokinetics of LSD-Like Drugs......Page 307
Psychotherapeutic Uses......Page 308
Adverse Effects of Serotonergic Hallucinogens......Page 309
Overview......Page 312
History and Epidemiology......Page 313
Effects of Methylated Amphetamines......Page 314
Residual Effects of MDMA......Page 316
Anticholinergic Hallucinogens......Page 318
History......Page 319
Effects of PCP and Ketamine......Page 320
Salvinorin A (Salvia)......Page 321
Summary......Page 322
CHAPTER 13 Psychotherapeutic Medications......Page 324
The Pre-Chlorpromazine Era......Page 326
The Age of Chlorpromazine......Page 327
Epidemiology......Page 328
Antipsychotics......Page 330
Antidepressants......Page 335
Antianxiety Agents......Page 342
Mood-Stabilizing Drugs......Page 355
Psychotherapeutic Drugs and Pregnancy......Page 357
Summary......Page 358
CHAPTER 14 Other Prescription and Over-the-Counter Drugs......Page 363
Birth Control Drugs......Page 364
Anabolic Steroids......Page 367
FDA Classification......Page 372
Analgesics......Page 373
Cold and Allergy Medications......Page 374
Herbal Products, Hormones,and Dietary Supplements......Page 375
DHEA......Page 376
Kava......Page 377
St. John’s Wort......Page 378
Gamma Hydroxybutyrate......Page 379
Inhalants......Page 380
Summary......Page 381
CHAPTER 15 Treatment of Substance-Use Disorders......Page 384
Motivation to Change......Page 386
Change without Formal Treatment......Page 387
Self-Help Groups......Page 388
Alcoholics Anonymous......Page 389
Other Self-Help Groups......Page 391
Five Model Categories......Page 393
Biopsychosocial Model......Page 394
Professional Treatment: Assessment and Goals......Page 395
Harm Reduction......Page 396
Types of Settings and Services......Page 397
Pharmacological Treatment......Page 399
Effectiveness of Alcohol Treatment......Page 400
Nonpharmacological Professional Treatment......Page 401
Self-Help Treatment......Page 402
Effectiveness of Pharmacological Treatments......Page 404
Other Drug Treatment Settingsand Services......Page 406
Pharmacotherapy of Other Drug Problems......Page 407
Effectiveness of Drug Treatment......Page 409
Self-Help Treatment......Page 410
Pharmacological Treatments......Page 411
Promising Treatment Techniques......Page 412
Treatment of Polysubstance Abusers......Page 414
Relapse......Page 415
Models of Causes and Treatment Methods......Page 418
Economic Factors in Alcohol and Drug Treatment......Page 419
The Stepped Care Approach......Page 420
Summary......Page 421
CHAPTER 16 Prevention of Substance Abuse......Page 425
Models of Prevention......Page 427
Sociocultural Model......Page 428
Distribution of Consumption Model......Page 430
Proscriptive Model......Page 431
Principles of Drug Abuse Prevention......Page 432
Current Topics in Prevention......Page 435
Education and Mass Media Efforts......Page 436
Affect-Oriented Programs......Page 438
Alternative Behaviors and Resistance-Skills Training......Page 439
Worksite Programs......Page 440
Programs for College Students......Page 442
Summary......Page 445
GLOSSARY......Page 449
REFERENCES......Page 456
INDEX......Page 490