Dromedary Camel Behavior and Welfare: Camel Friendly Management Practices (Animal Welfare, 24)

Preface
Animal Welfare Series Preface
Contents
About the Authors
1: The Camels: From Domestication to the Twenty-First Century
	1.1 The Camel Domestication
	1.2 The Domestic Camel Migrations: Wars of Conquest and Trade Routes
	1.3 From Extensive to Intensive Farming: From the Desert to the Barn
	1.4 New Locations and New Uses
	1.5 Conclusion
	References
2: How Early Domestication and Modern Genomics Contribute to Camel Welfare
	2.1 Early Livestock and Camel Domestication from an Animal Welfare Perspective
	2.2 Genetic Mechanisms of Domestication Related to Behaviour and Other Traits
	2.3 Selection during Domestication in Camelids from an Animal Welfare Perspective
	2.4 The ``Modern Genomics´´ Toolbox and its Use in Understanding the Genetic Architecture of Welfare-Related Traits
	2.5 Perspectives for Application of Genomic Selection to Welfare-Related Traits
	2.6 Conclusions and Outlook
	References
3: Welfare Assessment in Dromedary Camels
	3.1 Animal Welfare: Background and Camel Caretakers´ Perspectives
	3.2 Scientific Tool to Assess Welfare on Farm
	3.3 Application of the Camel Welfare Assessment Protocol: From Measures Scoring to the Overall Assessment of a Camel Farm
	3.4 Risk Analysis in Animal Welfare
	3.5 Welfare Concerns and Gaps of Knowledge
	3.6 Conclusions
	References
4: Good Feeding: Nutrition and Feeding of the Arabian Camel (Camelus dromedarius)
	4.1 Introduction
		4.1.1 The Digestive System of the Camel
		4.1.2 Feeding Behaviour of the Camel
		4.1.3 Physiological Adaptation to Arid and Semi-Arid Environments
		4.1.4 Metabolic Disorders of Intensively Managed Camels: Acidosis
		4.1.5 Nutritional Management of Race Camels
		4.1.6 Glucose Homeostasis in Camels
		4.1.7 Nutrient Requirements
		4.1.8 Salt and Water Deprivation Tolerance
		4.1.9 Water Intake
		4.1.10 Intensification and the Spread of Parasitic Diseases
	4.2 Conclusion
	References
5: Good Housing: Camels and Their Interaction with the Environment
	5.1 Introduction: Camel´s Welfare Requirements in Relation to the Good Housing Principle
		5.1.1 Comfort Around Resting
		5.1.2 Ease of Movement
			5.1.2.1 Space Allowance
		5.1.3 Thermal Comfort: The Thermal Needs of Dromedary Camels
			5.1.3.1 An Introduction to Thermo-regulation, Thermal Comfort Zone, and Thermoneutral Zone
			5.1.3.2 Dromedary Camels and Thermal Comfort
		5.1.4 The Good Housing Principle
	5.2 Dromedary Camel´s Housing Systems
	5.3 Housing Systems in Camel Breeding
		5.3.1 Thatched-Roofed Open-Type Kucha Shelter
		5.3.2 Asbestos Roof Close-Type Concrete Shelter
		5.3.3 Concrete Housing (Solid Construction)
		5.3.4 Under a Tree Shed or Loose Housing
		5.3.5 Other Types of Camel Housing
		5.3.6 Calves Shed
		5.3.7 Breeding Bulls Shed
		5.3.8 Lactating She-Camels Shed
			5.3.8.1 Milking Parlour
	5.4 The Design of Camel Housing for Ensuring a Good Welfare
		5.4.1 Construction
		5.4.2 Fencing
		5.4.3 Lighting and Ventilation
		5.4.4 Drainage
		5.4.5 Cleanliness
		5.4.6 Prevention of Escape
		5.4.7 Yard Design
		5.4.8 Enclosure Design
		5.4.9 Feeding/Watering Areas
		5.4.10 Restraint Area Design
		5.4.11 Enclosures
		5.4.12 Weather Protection
			5.4.12.1 Provision of Adequate Shaded Area
			5.4.12.2 Use of Adequate Materials
			5.4.12.3 Provision of an Adequate Roof Height
		5.4.13 Enclosure Substrate
		5.4.14 Bedding Material
	5.5 Welfare Concerns and Gap of Knowledge
	5.6 Conclusions
	References
6: Good Health: Recognition and Prevention of Disease and Pain in Dromedary Camels
	6.1 Health Disorders and Welfare
	6.2 Some Systemic Diseases
	6.3 Diseases and Disorders with Functional Impact
		6.3.1 Respiratory Diseases
		6.3.2 Reproductive Failures
		6.3.3 Udder Troubles
		6.3.4 Digestive Disorders
		6.3.5 Skin Diseases
		6.3.6 Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases
		6.3.7 Musculoskeletal Disorders, Injuries and Miscellaneous Diseases
	6.4 Surgery Intervention, Medication and Welfare
	6.5 Pain Recognition and Prevention
		6.5.1 Applications of Thermography for Pain Detection and Monitoring
		6.5.2 Potential Risk Factors for the Poor Physical and Psychological Health of Dromedary Camels
		6.5.3 Additional Factors Potentially Modulating Camel Reactivity to Pain/Discomfort
	6.6 Limitations of Traditional Farming and Medicine for Good Health Promotion in Camels
	6.7 Recommendations to Enhance Physical and Psychological Health in Camels
	6.8 Conclusions
	References
7: Behaviour: Behavioural Repertoire and Behavioural Needs of Camels
	7.1 Behaviour
	7.2 Behavioural Repertoire
	7.3 The Behavioural Repertoire of Camels
	7.4 Inactive Behaviour
		7.4.1 Resting or Lying
		7.4.2 Standing
	7.5 Active Behaviours
		7.5.1 Feeding
		7.5.2 Rumination
		7.5.3 Locomotion
	7.6 Social and Play Behaviour
	7.7 Stereotypy or Abnormal Behaviour
	7.8 Sexual and Mating Behaviour
	7.9 Heat Behaviour in She-Camels
	7.10 How Management May Affect the Daily Rhythm of Camels
	7.11 Behavioural Needs of Camels
	7.12 Human-Camel Relationship
	7.13 Recommendations for Ensuring the Principle of Appropriate Behaviour
	References
8: Camel Handling and Training
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Associative and Non-associative Learning
	8.3 Camel Training Methods
		8.3.1 Training Tools and Aids
		8.3.2 Safety of Handlers/Trainers
		8.3.3 Round Pen Training
		8.3.4 Use of Halter and Lead Rope
	8.4 Are Camels Smart Animals?
	8.5 Conclusions
	References
9: Welfare Aspects of Reproductive Care and Management of Dromedary Camels
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Reproductive Physiology of Male and Female Dromedary Camels
	9.3 Housing and Management of Breeding Animals
	9.4 Restraint for Reproductive Procedures
	9.5 Monitoring and Controlling Follicular Activity, Mating Methods and Pregnancy Diagnosis
		9.5.1 Monitoring and Controlling Follicular Activity
		9.5.2 Mating Practices and Diagnosis of Pregnancy
	9.6 Use of Assisted Reproduction
		9.6.1 Assisted Reproductive Techniques
		9.6.2 Embryo Transfer
		9.6.3 Artificial Insemination
	9.7 Management of Pregnant Animals, Parturitions and Newborn Calves
	9.8 Conclusion
	References
10: Stress Transport in the Dromedary Camel
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 History of Transport and Mobility of the Dromedary
	10.3 Camel Transport Topography
	10.4 Physiological Parameters
	10.5 Hormonal Parameters
	10.6 Haematological Indicators of Transport Stress
	10.7 Postmortem Muscle Metabolism
	10.8 Oxidant Stress Indicators
	10.9 World Organization for Animal Health Standards
	10.10 Conclusion and Recommendations
	References
11: The Welfare of Dromedary Camels at Slaughter
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Pre-slaughter Treatments and Handling
		11.2.1 Unloading
		11.2.2 Mixing of Unfamiliar Groups
	11.3 Camel Stress Mitigation Strategies
	11.4 Slaughter of Sick and Diseased Camels
	11.5 Pre-slaughter Stunning
	11.6 Bleeding Procedures and Method of Constraint
	11.7 Animal Welfare Legislation
	11.8 Feral Camels Slaughtering Procedure and Welfare Considerations
	11.9 Recommendations
		11.9.1 Pre-slaughter Transport and Holding
		11.9.2 Handling, Stunning and Bleeding at Slaughter
		11.9.3 Legislation, Regulations, and Training
	11.10 Conclusions
	References