Drilling and completion in petroleum engineering : theory and numerical applications

 Content: Table of contents  About the book series  Editorial board of the book series Foreword  About the editors  Acknowledgements  1 Mathematical modeling of thermo-hydro-mechanical behavior for reservoir formation under elevated temperature  1.1 Introduction  1.2 General conservation equations of heat and mass transfer within a deformable porous medium  1.2.1 Macroscopic mass conservation equations  1.2.2 Linear momentum conservation equations  1.2.3 Energy (enthalpy) conservation equations  1.3 Constitutive laws  1.3.1 Constitutive equations for mass transfer  1.3.1.1 Advective flow of gas  1.3.1.2 Advective mass flow of liquid  1.3.2 Constitutive equations for heat transfer  1.3.2.1 Conductive heat transfer within the domain ?  1.3.2.2 Heat transferred in radiation at boundary aeC?  1.3.3 Constitutive equations for the mechanical response of the solid phase  1.4 Some empirical expressions  1.4.1 The expression of total porosity n  1.4.2 The expression of m> desorp  1.4.3 Effective thermal conductivity of the three-phase medium  1.5 Resultant governing equations  1.6 Equivalent integral of the governing differential equation and its weak form  1.7 Approximate solution and spatial discretization  1.8 Ending remarks  2 Damage model for rock-like materials and its application  2.1 Introduction  2.2 The Barcelona model: Scalar damage with different behaviors for tension and compression  2.2.1 Uniaxial behavior of the Barcelona model  2.2.2 Unloading behavior  2.2.3 Plastic flow 2.2.4 Yielding criterion  2.3 Calibration for the size of damage process zone  2.3.1 Experiments performed with the white-light speckle method and four-point shear beam  2.3.1.1 Testing device  2.3.1.2 Experimental results  2.3.2 Numerical results obtained with finite-element analysis  2.3.2.1 Discretization of the double-notched, four-point shear beam  2.3.2.2 Numerical results obtained with double notched beam  2.3.3 Numerical results obtained with single-notched beam 2.3.4 Comparisons of the experimental results with the numerical results  2.3.5 Remarks  3 Trajectory optimization for offshore wells and numerical prediction of casing failure due to production-induced compaction  3.1 Introduction  3.2 Geotechnical casing design and optimal trajectories  3.3 The work procedure  3.4 The model  3.4.1 Model geometry 3.4.2 Material models  3.4.3 Loads and boundary conditions of the global model  3.5 Numerical results of the global model  3.6 General principle of submodeling techniques  3.7 First submodel  3.7.1 Local model results  3.8 Secondary submodel and casing integrity estimate  3.9 Conclusions  4 Numerical scheme for calculation of shear failure gradient of wellbore and its applications  4.1 Introduction  4.2 Scheme for calculation of SFG with 3D FEM  4.3 Numerical solution of SFG and its comparison with results obtained by Drillworks  4.3.1 The model geometry of the benchmark and its FEM mesh  4.3.2 Loads and parameters of material properties  4.3.3 Abaqus submodel calculation and results with Mohr-Coulomb model  4.3.4 Results comparison with Drucker-Prager criterion between Abaqus and Drillworks  4.3.5 Remarks  4.4 Comparison of accuracy of stress solution of a cylinder obtained by Abaqus and its analytical solution  4.5 Application  4.5.1 Pore pressure analysis with Drillworks  4.5.2 The 3D computational model 4.5.2.1 Global model: Geometry, boundary condition, and loads  4.5.2.2 Numerical results of the global model  4.5.2.3 Vector-distribution of principal stresses  4.5.2.4 Submodel: Geometry, boundary condition, and loads  4.5.2.5 Numerical results of the submodel  4.6 Remarks  5 Mud weight design for horizontal wells in shallow loose sand reservoir with the finite element method  5.1 Introduction  5.2 Geological setting and geological factors affecting geomechanics  5.3 Pore pressure and initial geostress field: Prediction made with logging data and one-dimensional software  5.3.1 Pore pressure  5.3.2 Stress field orientation  5.3.3 Overburden gradient (vertical in-situ stress)  5.3.4 Minimum in-situ stress  5.3.5 Maximum in-situ horizontal stress  5.4 Formation strength and geomechanical properties  5.5 Finite element model 5.6 Numerical results with finite element modeling  5.7 Conclusions  6 A case study of mud weight design with finite element method for subsalt wells  6.1 Introduction  6.2 Brief review of concepts of MWW and numerical procedure for its 3D solution  6.2.1 Brief review of mud weight window concepts  6.2.2 Numerical procedure for calculating MWW with 3D FEM  6.3 Global model description and numerical results  6.3.1 Model description  6.3.2 Numerical results of the global model  6.4 Submodel description and numerical results  6.4.1 Model description  6.4.2 Numerical results of SFG and FG obtained with the secondary submodel  6.5 Stress pattern analysis for saltbase formation  6.6 Alternative validation on stress pattern within saltbase formation  6.7 A solution with 1D tool Drillworks and its comparison with 3D solution  6.8 Conclusions  7 Numerical calculation of stress rotation caused by salt creep and pore pressure depletion  7.1 Introduction  7.2 Stress analysis for a subsalt well  7.2.1 Computational model 7.2.2 Numerical results  7.3 Variation of stress orientation caused by injection and production  7.3.1 The model used in the computation 7.3.2 Numerical results  7.3.2.1 Numerical results of stress rotation with isotropic permeability and injection  7.3.2.2 Numerical results on stress rotation with isotropic permeability and production  7.3.2.3 Numerical results on stress rotation with orthotropic permeability and injection  7.3.2.4 Numerical results on stress rotation with orthotropic permeability and production 7.3.3 Remarks  7.4 Variation of stress orientation caused by pore pressure depletion: Case study in Ekofisk field  7.4.1 The numerical model  7.4.2 Numerical results  7.5 Conclusions   8 Numerical analysis of casing failure under non-uniform loading in subsalt wells  8.1 Introduction  8.2 Finite element model and analysis of casing integrity  8.2.1 Numerical analysis of global model at field scale  8.2.1.1 Model geometry  8.2.1.2 Material models  8.2.1.3 Loads and boundary conditions of the global model  8.2.1.4 Numerical results of global model  8.2.2 Submodel and casing integrity estimate  8.2.2.1 Model geometry  8.2.2.2 Material models  8.2.2.3 Loads specific to the submodel  8.2.2.4 Numerical results of the submodel: Stress distribution around the borehole before cementing  8.2.2.5 Numerical results of submodel: Stress distribution within the concrete ring and casing  8.3 Numerical results of enhancement measure  8.4 Conclusions  9 Numerical predictions on critical pressure drawdown and sand production for wells in weak formations  9.1 Introduction  9.2 Model description and numerical calculation  9.2.1 Numerical calculation with global model  9.2.1.1 Values of material parameters  9.2.1.2 Loads and boundary conditions of the global model  9.2.1.3 Stress pattern  9.2.1.4 Numerical results of global model  9.3 Case 1: Prediction of CVPDD for a well with openhole completion  9.3.1 Submodel 1: Geometry of the submodel  9.3.2 Submodel 1: Boundary condition and loads  9.3.3 Numerical scheme of the calculation  9.3.4 Numerical results  9.4 Case 2: Numerical prediction of CVPDD for well with casing completion  9.4.1 Modeling casing  9.4.2 Case 2A: Casing with perforation of 8 shots per 0.3048 m  9.4.2.1 Description of the model: Case 2A  9.4.2.2 Numerical results of Case 2A  9.4.3 Case 2B: Casing with perforation of 4 shots per 0.348 m (per ft)  9.4.3.1 Geometry of the model: Case 2B  9.4.3.2 Numerical results of Case 2B  9.4.4 Remarks  9.5 Numerical prediction of sanding production  9.5.1 Model description and simplifications 9.5.2 Numerical procedure for prediction of sand production  9.5.3 An example of prediction of sand production  9.6 Conclusions  10 Cohesive crack for quasi-brittle fracture and numerical simulation of hydraulic fracture  10.1 Introduction  10.2 Cohesive crack for quasi-brittle materials  10.2.1 Concepts of cohesive crack  10.2.2 Influence of hydraulic pressure on yielding conditions  10.2.3 Cohesive models for mixed-mode fracture  10.2.4 Cohesive model of effective opening for mixed-mode crack  10.2.5 Cohesive law formulated in standard dissipative system  10.2.5.1 Elastoplastic damage interface model  10.2.5.2 Viscoplastic interface crack model  10.3 Cohesive element coupled with pore pressure for simulation of hydraulic fracture of rock  10.3.1 Nodal sequence and stress components of cohesive element  10.3.2 Fluid flow model of the cohesive element  10.3.2.1 Defining pore fluid flow properties  10.3.2.2 Tangential flow  10.3.2.3 Newtonian fluid  10.3.2.4 Power law fluid  10.3.2.5 Normal flow across gap surfaces  10.4 Numerical simulation of hydraulic fracturing with 3-dimensional finite element method  10.4.1 Numerical procedure for the numerical simulation of hydraulic fracturing  10.4.2 Finite element model  10.4.2.1 Geometry and mesh  10.4.2.2 Initial conditions  10.4.2.3 Boundary condition  10.4.2.4 Loads  10.4.2.5 Values of material parameter  10.4.3 Numerical results  10.5 Conclusions  11 Special applications in formation stimulation and injection modeling  11.1 Introduction  11.2 Normal applications  11.3 Special applications  11.4 Unconventional shale gas reservoirs  11.4.1 Theoretical basis in simulation  11.4.2 An equivalent shale gas hydraulic fracturing model  11.4.3 Leakoff effect for a contained fracture  11.4.4 Concluding remarks  11.5 Cuttings re-injection  11.5.1 Theoretical basis in simulation  11.5.2 An equivalent cuttings re-injection model  11.5.3 Key input parameters for cuttings re-injection modeling  11.5.4 Multiple fracture modeling  11.5.5 Net pressure responses in cyclic injection  11.5.6 Concluding remarks  11.6 Fracture packing in unconsolidated formation  11.6.1 Theoretical basis in simulation  11.6.2 An equivalent frac-pack model  11.6.3 Key input parameters for frac-pack modeling  11.6.4 Fracture re-growth during the frac-pack process  11.6.5 Concluding remarks  11.7 Produced water re-injection  11.7.1 Theoretical basis in simulation  11.7.2 An equivalent produced water re-injection model  11.7.3 Numerical modeling of cross flow in produced water transport  11.7.4 Analytical modeling of cross flow and its effect on produced water transport  11.7.5 Concluding remarks  Subject index  Book series page