Domestic Duck Production: Science and Practice (Cabi)

Contents......Page 5
Preface......Page 9
Acknowlegements......Page 11
1 History and Biology of the Domestic Duck......Page 13
Mallard: Progenitor to Domestic Duck......Page 15
The Natural History of Wild Mallard......Page 16
Genetic Inheritance from Mallard......Page 18
Duck Breeds......Page 19
Recent History and Performance......Page 21
References......Page 24
Commercial Duck Production......Page 27
Use of Open Water......Page 28
Rice Paddies......Page 30
Hygiene......Page 31
Bacteria......Page 32
Avian Influenza......Page 33
History......Page 34
European Community......Page 35
USA and Canada......Page 37
China......Page 38
The Far East......Page 40
House Size......Page 41
Other Considerations......Page 42
Temperature......Page 43
Ventilation......Page 46
Ventilation in Cold and Cool Temperate Climates......Page 48
Ventilation in Mediterranean and Hot Climates......Page 51
Ventilation in a Continental Climate......Page 53
Insulation in Cold and Cool Temperate Climates......Page 54
The Brooding Environment......Page 55
Brooding......Page 56
Brooding in Hot Climates......Page 57
Ventilation in the Brooding Stage......Page 58
Lighting......Page 59
Rearing in Hot Climates......Page 60
Design and Placement of Feeders and Drinkers......Page 61
Managing the Environment......Page 62
References......Page 64
Feathering......Page 65
Temperature, Feed Intake and Growth......Page 67
High Temperature and Performance......Page 71
Low Temperature and Performance......Page 76
Temperature and Behaviour......Page 80
Space and Performance......Page 81
Light and Performance......Page 86
Brooding Environment......Page 88
Rearing Environment......Page 91
Variability of Performance......Page 93
The History of Improving Quality......Page 95
Process Control......Page 98
Reducing Common Cause Variation and Improving Performance......Page 100
References......Page 101
Dietary Energy......Page 103
Controlled Energy Intake......Page 108
Factors Affecting Response to Dietary Energy......Page 109
Protein, Amino Acids and Performance......Page 113
Amino Acids......Page 115
Energy and Protein Interaction......Page 119
Optimum Nutrient Concentration......Page 120
Factors Affecting Response to Nutrient Concentration......Page 121
Free-choice Feeding......Page 123
Pellets, Mash and Grain Plus Concentrate......Page 125
Factors Affecting Body Composition......Page 128
Age, Sex, Maturity and Body Composition......Page 131
Nutrition and Body Composition......Page 137
Factors Affecting Response to Energy to Protein Ratio......Page 139
References......Page 144
Controlled Feeding......Page 145
Controlled Growth and Physiological Development......Page 147
Effect of Controlled Nutrient Intake on Growth......Page 151
Effect of Age upon Potential for Growth......Page 154
Effect of Temperature on Growth to Sexual Maturity......Page 156
Effect of Restricted Growth on Age at Sexual Maturity......Page 158
Effect of Controlled Growth on Laying Performance......Page 159
Pattern of Growth and Age at Sexual Maturity......Page 162
The Importance of Early Feed Restriction......Page 165
Effects of Age and Live Weight upon Egg Weight......Page 167
Overview of Restricted Live Weight, Age at Sexual Maturity and Laying Performance......Page 170
Summary of Effects of Feed Restriction on Growth, Age at Sexual Maturity and Laying Performance......Page 171
Body Composition and Age at Sexual Maturity......Page 172
Effect of Natural Daylight upon Age at Sexual Maturity......Page 178
Step-up Lighting Programmes......Page 182
Step-down, step-up Lighting......Page 183
Effect of Alternative Lighting Programmes During Rearing on Male Fertility......Page 186
Rearing Light Programmes and Post-peak Laying Performance......Page 187
Summary of Effects of Daylength upon Age at Sexual Maturity......Page 189
Temperature, Controlled Growth and Age at Sexual Maturity......Page 190
Effect of Age and Weight at Sexual Maturity upon Egg Production......Page 192
Effect of Age at Sexual Maturity on Egg Weight......Page 194
The Effect of Egg Weight on Growth......Page 196
Factors Affecting Optimum Age at Sexual Maturity......Page 197
Sexual Maturity of Egg-laying Breeds......Page 198
Dietary Regime for Birds on Restricted Feed......Page 199
Husbandry During Controlled Rearing......Page 200
References......Page 202
Environment......Page 204
Nutrition......Page 208
Controlling Egg Weight......Page 210
Housing......Page 214
Furniture and Equipment......Page 215
Transporting and Housing Parent Stock and Laying Ducks......Page 216
Routine Husbandry of Parent Stock and Laying Ducks......Page 217
Second Lay......Page 218
Breeding Performance......Page 219
References......Page 223
Effects of Selection......Page 224
Shell Structure and Weight Loss......Page 225
Controlled Growth and Daylength......Page 229
Season and Hatchability......Page 234
Husbandry......Page 237
Improving Hatchability......Page 238
References......Page 240
Objectives for Egg-producing Ducks......Page 241
Objectives for Meat-producing Ducks......Page 242
Methods of Selection for Meat Production......Page 243
Selection of Sire Lines......Page 244
Selection of Dam Lines......Page 245
References......Page 246
B......Page 247
G......Page 248
M......Page 249
T......Page 250
W......Page 251