Dog Behaviour, Evolution, and Cognition

Contents......Page 10
1.1 Introduction......Page 16
1.2 From behaviourism to cognitive ethology......Page 17
1.2.1 Dog heroes visit the laboratory......Page 18
1.2.2 Dogs in the comparative psychology laboratory......Page 19
1.2.3 Naturalistic experiments......Page 20
1.2.4 Time for comparisons......Page 22
1.3.1 Description of behaviour......Page 23
1.3.3 The second question: mechanism......Page 25
1.4 Evolutionary considerations......Page 26
1.5 What is it like to be a dog?......Page 30
1.6 Lupomorphism or babymorphism?......Page 31
1.7 Modelling of behaviour......Page 32
1.7.2 Canon of parsimony......Page 33
1.7.4 Comparing content and operation......Page 34
1.7.5 Comparing intelligence......Page 36
1.8 An ethocognitive mental model for the dog......Page 37
1.9 Conclusions for the future......Page 39
Further reading......Page 41
2.2 Finding phenomena and collecting data......Page 42
2.2.2 Quantitative description......Page 43
2.3.1 Wolves and dogs......Page 45
2.3.2 The comparison of breeds......Page 48
2.3.3 Dogs and children......Page 49
2.4 Sampling and the problem of single cases (N = 1)......Page 50
2.5 A procedural problem in naturalistic observations: the presence of humans......Page 52
2.6 How to measure dog behaviour?......Page 53
2.7 Asking questions......Page 58
Further reading......Page 60
3.2 Dogs in human society......Page 62
3.3 Interactions between dogs and people in public......Page 66
3.4 Dogs in the family......Page 68
3.6 Social roles of dogs in human groups......Page 71
3.7 Social competition in dog-human groups and their consequences......Page 72
3.7.2 Studying the 'biting dog' phenomenon......Page 73
3.7.3 Identifying risks......Page 74
3.8 Outcast dogs: life in animal shelters......Page 77
Further reading......Page 80
4.2.1 Systematic relationships and geographic distribution......Page 82
4.2.2 The evolution of Canis......Page 83
4.2.3 The ecology and dynamics of group living in some canids......Page 86
4.3 An overview of wolves......Page 89
4.3.1 Geographic distribution and systematic relationships......Page 90
4.3.2 Evolution of the wolf......Page 91
4.3.3 Behavioural ecological aspects......Page 94
4.3.4 Social relationships between and within wolf packs......Page 96
4.3.5 A comparison: social organization in free-ranging dogs......Page 101
4.4 Wolf and dog: similarities and differences......Page 104
4.4.2 Behavioural comparisons......Page 105
4.5 Conclusions for the future......Page 107
Further reading......Page 108
5.2 Human perspective on dog domestication......Page 110
5.3.1 The archaeologists' story: looking at archaeological evidence......Page 116
5.3.2 The geneticists' story: evolutionary genetic evidence......Page 124
5.4.1 The question of founder population(s)......Page 132
5.4.2 On the nature of selection......Page 133
5.5 Emergence of phenotypic novelty......Page 134
5.5.1 Mutation......Page 135
5.5.2 Hybridization......Page 138
5.5.3 Directional trait selection......Page 139
5.5.4 Selection for plastic phenotypes......Page 140
5.5.5 Heterochrony......Page 141
5.5.6 The 'mysterious laws' of correlation......Page 144
5.6.1 The founding foxes and behavioural selection......Page 146
5.6.2 Changes in early development......Page 148
5.6.3 Changes in the reproductive cycle......Page 149
5.6.4 Have we got domesticated foxes?......Page 150
Further reading......Page 151
6.2 Comparative perspectives......Page 152
6.2.1 Cognitive aspects of perception......Page 153
6.3.1 Physical processing......Page 154
6.3.2 Neural processing and visual ability......Page 156
6.4.2 Neural processing and hearing ability......Page 157
6.4.3 Perception of complex sound forms......Page 158
6.5.2 Neural processing and olfactory ability......Page 159
6.5.3 Categorization and matching in working situation......Page 162
6.5.4 Perception of natural substances and conspecific odours......Page 164
Further reading......Page 165
7.2 Orientation in space......Page 166
7.2.3 Landmarks......Page 167
7.2.4 Egocentric orientation......Page 169
7.3 Spatial problem solving......Page 170
7.4 Knowledge about objects......Page 171
7.5 Memory for hidden objects......Page 173
7.6 Folk physics in dogs?......Page 175
7.6.1 Means-end connections......Page 176
7.7 Conclusions for the future......Page 177
Further reading......Page 178
8.1 Introduction......Page 180
8.2 The affiliative aspects of social relationships......Page 181
8.3 The agonistic aspects of social relationships......Page 185
8.3.2 Is there an ethological description of aggressive behaviour in dogs?......Page 187
8.3.4 Organization of aggressive behaviour and the role of learning......Page 188
8.3.5 Reaction to human agonistic signals......Page 189
8.4 Communication in a mixed-species group......Page 192
8.4.1 Visual communication......Page 193
8.4.2 Acoustic communication......Page 200
8.5 Play......Page 204
8.6 Social learning in dogs......Page 206
8.7 Social influence......Page 208
8.8 Cooperation......Page 211
8.9 Social competence......Page 212
Further reading......Page 215
9.2 What are developmental 'periods'?......Page 216
9.3 Rethinking developmental periods in dogs......Page 220
9.3.2 Transition period......Page 221
9.3.3 Socialization period......Page 222
9.3.4 Juvenile period......Page 223
9.4 Sensitive periods in development......Page 224
9.5 Attraction and attachment......Page 229
9.6 Early experience and its influence on behaviour......Page 230
9.7 Prediction of behaviour: 'Puppy testing'......Page 231
Further reading......Page 234
10.1 Introduction......Page 236
10.2.1 'Knowing', observing, or testing......Page 238
10.2.2 Describing behaviour: assessment and coding......Page 239
10.2.3 The construction of personality......Page 240
10.3 Functional approach to personality......Page 241
10.4.1 Insights from genetics......Page 245
10.4.2 Physiological correlates of personality traits......Page 246
10.5 Conclusions for the future......Page 249
Further reading......Page 250
11.3 Evolving dogs......Page 252
11.4 Behavioural modelling......Page 254
11.5 Ethical implications and researchers' mission......Page 255
11.7 'Paws in hands'......Page 256
References......Page 258
B......Page 282
C......Page 283
E......Page 284
I......Page 285
N......Page 286
S......Page 287
T......Page 288
Y......Page 289