Divided Tokyo: Disparities in Living Conditions in the City Center and the Shrinking Suburbs (International Perspectives in Geography, 11)

Preface
Contents
1 Introduction
	1.1 Research Background
	1.2 Globalization, Neo-Liberal Housing Policy, and Changing Cities
	1.3 Debates on the Divided City
	1.4 Shrinking Cities, Housing Vacancies, and the Urban Lifecycle
	1.5 Social Justice and the Residential Environment of Cities
	1.6 Housing, Family, and Social Change in the Post-growth Society
	1.7 Research Framework and Structure of the Book
		1.7.1 Part I: Divided Tokyo (Chap. 2)
		1.7.2 Part II: Growth of the City Center Condominium Lifestyle (Chaps. 3–5)
		1.7.3 Part III: Shrinking Suburbs (Chaps. 6–8)
		1.7.4 Part IV: Conclusions (Chap. 9)
	References
Part I Divided Tokyo
2 Divided Tokyo: Housing Policy, the Ideology of Homeownership, and the Growing Contrast Between the City Center and the Suburbs
	2.1 Purpose of the Study
	2.2 Japanese Housing and Family Structures in Modern Times
		2.2.1 “Ie-Seido” and Its Effects on Residential Mobility
		2.2.2 Suburbanization in Modern Times: The Garden City Movement
	2.3 Post-war National Policy in Japan
	2.4 Suburbanization and the Ideology of Homeownership
		2.4.1 Expansion of the Suburban Lifestyle
		2.4.2 Shrinkage of the Suburbs
	2.5 City Center Living Since the 1990s
	2.6 Neo-Liberalism and Transit-Oriented Development in Tokyo
		2.6.1 Aviation Governance to Strengthen Tokyo’s Competitiveness
		2.6.2 Transition of Aviation Policies in Japan
		2.6.3 Aviation and Spatial Restructuring in the Twenty-First Century
	2.7 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
Part II Growth of the City Center Condominium Lifestyle
3 The Rise of the Condominium Lifestyle in Japanese Cities
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Condominiums in Cities
		3.2.1 Studies on Condominiums in Urban Geography
		3.2.2 The Rise of the Condominium Lifestyle in Japanese Cities
		3.2.3 Who Lives in Condominiums in Japanese Cities?
	3.3 Acceptance of the Condominium Lifestyle in Japan: The Case of a Middle-Sized City
		3.3.1 Condominiums in Middle-Sized Cities
		3.3.2 The Decision-Making Processes Underlying the Choice of Residence
	3.4 Summary
	References
4 Homeownership by Single Women in Central Tokyo
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Housing Pathways of Younger People and Women
		4.2.1 Non-nuclear Families and Young People in the Japanese Housing Market
		4.2.2 Condominium Ownership by Single Women in Toronto
	4.3 Condominium Purchases by Single Women in Central Tokyo
		4.3.1 An Increase in Single People and Their Housing Needs
		4.3.2 Housing Needs of Single Women
	4.4 Condominium Supply Strategies Responding to New Housing Needs
		4.4.1 Supply of Compact Condominiums
		4.4.2 Diversification of Supply Strategies
		4.4.3 Growth of the Super High-Rise Condominium in the First Decade of the Twenty-First Century
	4.5 Discussion
		4.5.1 Gendered Urban Renewal
		4.5.2 Developers’ Risk Hedging
		4.5.3 The Gentrification Process Underlying Spatial Restructuring
	4.6 Summary
	References
5 A New Condominium Town in the Tokyo Bay Area: Making “Home” an Antithesis to Rootlessness in Suburbia
	5.1 Introduction
		5.1.1 Purpose of the Chapter
		5.1.2 Study Area
	5.2 Overview of Condominium Residents in Makuhari Bay Town
		5.2.1 Characteristics of Condominium Residents
		5.2.2 The Residential Careers of Household Heads
		5.2.3 Relocation Behavior in Makuhari Bay Town
		5.2.4 Residences of Relatives and Residents’ Residential Intentions
	5.3 Residential Choices of Condominium Residents in Makuhari Bay Town
		5.3.1 The Decision to Move
		5.3.2 The Choice of a New Residence
		5.3.3 Decision-Making Patterns
	5.4 Discussion
		5.4.1 Residential Choices
		5.4.2 The Rootlessness of Suburbia
		5.4.3 Civic Engagement
	5.5 Concluding Remarks
	References
Part III Shrinking Suburbs
6 Shrinking Suburbs in Tokyo
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Debates on the Shrinking City and the Japanese Context
		6.2.1 Causes of Urban Shrinkage
		6.2.2 The Urban Lifecycle and the Shrinking Phase
		6.2.3 Housing Oversupply, Public Funding, and Neighborhood Attributes
		6.2.4 The Complexity of the Generative Processes of Urban Shrinkage
	6.3 Shrinkage and Aging in Japanese Cities
		6.3.1 Problems Caused by Shrinkage and the Rapidly Aging Population in Metropolitan Areas
		6.3.2 The Increase in Vacant Housing in Urban Areas
		6.3.3 Why does the Increase in Vacant Housing in Japanese Cities Matter?
	6.4 The Increase in Vacant Housing in Japanese Cities
		6.4.1 Generic and Background Factors
		6.4.2 Specific and Individual Factors
		6.4.3 Government Reactions to the Increase in Vacant Housing
	6.5 Summary
	References
7 The Generative Processes of Vacant Housing in the Shrinking Suburbs: The Case of Ushiku in Tokyo’s 50–60 km Commuter Belt
	7.1 Introduction
		7.1.1 Purpose of the Chapter
		7.1.2 Study Area
		7.1.3 Data Collection
	7.2 Residents’ Characteristics
	7.3 The Increase in Vacant Housing in Ushiku
		7.3.1 Residents’ Perceptions Regarding the Increase in Vacant Housing and the Subsequent Social Disorder
		7.3.2 The Generative Processes of Vacant Housing and the Spatial Structure
	7.4 The Total Reality: The Inter-relationship Between Generic and Specific Factors
	7.5 Summary
	References
8 Policy Response and Civic Engagement to Address Urban Shrinkage
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Policy Responses to Urban Shrinkage and Civic Engagement
		8.2.1 Policy Responses to Urban Shrinkage in Western Cities
		8.2.2 The Shrinkage-Acceptance Model and an Age-Friendly City
	8.3 Civic Engagement for the Maintenance of the Residential Environment
		8.3.1 Howard’s Original Concepts and Japanese Garden City Developments
		8.3.2 Rules to Beautify the Landscape of Den’en Chofu
		8.3.3 Residents’ Associations Stand Up Against the Fragmentation of Residential Lots
	8.4 The Sustainability of the Residential Environment of Narita New Town
		8.4.1 Overview of Narita New Town
		8.4.2 Aging in Narita New Town
		8.4.3 Civic Engagement to Counter the Effects of  Population Aging
	8.5 Discussion
		8.5.1 Evaluation of Civic Engagement
		8.5.2 Shifting Policy Toward Shrinkage-Acceptance
	References
Part IV Conclusions: Whither the Divided Tokyo?
9 Conclusions
	9.1 The Characteristics of the Divided Tokyo
	9.2 Possible Countermeasures
		9.2.1 Dealing with Urban Shrinkage
		9.2.2 Dealing with the Urban Divide in Japanese Cities
	9.3 What does the Future Hold for Tokyo and Other Japanese Cities?
	References
Appendix  Abbreviation and Japanese Name of Cities, Institutions, Acts, and Companies