Diversity in U.S. Mass Media

DIVERSITY IN U.S. MASS MEDIA......Page 5
TABLE OF CONTENTS......Page 7
PREFACE......Page 13
1: INTRODUCTION......Page 15
SOCIAL IDENTITY......Page 17
RACIAL/ETHNIC IDENTITY......Page 18
GENDER IDENTITY......Page 19
AGE IDENTITY......Page 21
DISABILITY IDENTITY......Page 22
ORGANIZATION OF BOOK......Page 23
Notes......Page 25
2: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF RESEARCH IN MASS MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS......Page 27
Framing......Page 28
Social Comparison Theory......Page 31
Socialization......Page 32
Cultivation Theory......Page 34
MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS: CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES......Page 36
Hegemony......Page 37
The Concept of Representation......Page 38
FEMINIST THEORY......Page 39
Three Waves of Feminism......Page 42
Reflection Questions and Thoughts to Consider......Page 43
Notes......Page 44
3: REPRESENTATIONS OF NATIVE AMERICANS......Page 47
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO NATIVE AMERICAN REPRESENTATIONS......Page 48
NATIVE AMERICANS IN FILM......Page 50
NATIVE AMERICANS IN ENTERTAINMENT TELEVISION......Page 56
REPRESENTATION OF NATIVE AMERICANS IN THE NEWS......Page 60
NATIVE AMERICANS AND NEW MEDIA......Page 65
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 66
Reflection Questions and Thoughts to Consider......Page 67
Notes......Page 68
4: REPRESENTATIONS OF AFRICAN AMERICANS......Page 70
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO AFRICAN AMERICAN REPRESENTATIONS......Page 71
AFRICAN AMERICANS IN FILM......Page 72
AFRICAN AMERICANS IN ENTERTAINMENT TELEVISION......Page 78
AFRICAN AMERICAN MUSIC......Page 82
REPRESENTATION OF AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE NEWS......Page 83
AFRICAN AMERICANS AND ADVERTISEMENTS......Page 89
AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE MEDIA BUSINESS......Page 90
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 92
Notes......Page 93
5: REPRESENTATIONS OF HISPANICS......Page 97
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO HISPANIC REPRESENTATIONS......Page 98
HISPANICS IN FILM......Page 100
HISPANICS IN ENTERTAINMENT TELEVISION......Page 103
SPANISH-LANGUAGE PROGRAMS IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 107
REPRESENTATION OF HISPANICS IN THE NEWS......Page 109
SPANISH-LANGUAGE NEWSPAPERS IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 111
SPANISH-LANGUAGE MAGAZINES IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 115
HISPANICS AND NEW MEDIA......Page 116
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 117
Reflection Questions and Thoughts to Consider......Page 118
Notes......Page 119
6: REPRESENTATIONS OF ARABS/ARAB AMERICANS......Page 122
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO ARAB/ARAB AMERICAN REPRESENTATIONS......Page 123
ARABS/ARAB AMERICANS IN FILM......Page 125
ARABS/ARAB AMERICANS IN ENTERTAINMENT TELEVISION......Page 131
REPRESENTATION OF ARABS/ARAB AMERICANS IN THE NEWS......Page 135
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 140
Notes......Page 142
7: REPRESENTATIONS OF ASIANS/ASIAN AMERICANS......Page 144
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO ASIAN/ASIAN AMERICAN REPRESENTATIONS......Page 145
ASIANS/ASIAN AMERICANS IN FILM......Page 146
ASIANS/ASIAN AMERICANS IN ENTERTAINMENT TELEVISION......Page 154
REPRESENTATION OF ASIANS/ASIAN AMERICANS IN THE NEWS......Page 157
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 161
Notes......Page 164
8: REPRESENTATIONS OF GENDER IN TELEVISION, FILM, AND MUSIC VIDEOS......Page 166
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO GENDER REPRESENTATIONS IN FILM AND TELEVISION......Page 167
GENDER IN FILM......Page 170
GENDER IN ENTERTAINMENT TELEVISION......Page 177
GENDER IN MUSIC VIDEOS......Page 185
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 191
Reflection Questions and Thoughts to Consider......Page 194
Notes......Page 195
9: REPRESENTATIONS OF GENDER IN PRINT MEDIA AND ADVERTISING......Page 197
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO WOMEN IN THE PRINT MEDIA......Page 199
GENDER IN MAGAZINES......Page 200
GENDER IN PRINT NEWS......Page 204
GENDER IN ADVERTISING......Page 211
GENDER TRENDS AND "THE MALE GAZE"......Page 214
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 217
Notes......Page 218
10: REPRESENTATIONS OF LESBIANS, GAYS, BISEXUALS, AND THE TRANSGENDERED IN THE MEDIA......Page 221
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO LGBT REPRESENTATIONS......Page 222
LGBT IN FILM......Page 224
LGBT IN ENTERTAINMENT TELEVISION......Page 230
LGBT IN MUSIC AND RADIO......Page 235
REPRESENTATIONS OF LGBT IN THE NEWS......Page 237
LGBT AND MAGAZINES......Page 238
LGBT AND ADVERTISING......Page 240
LGBT AND NEW MEDIA......Page 242
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 243
Notes......Page 244
11: REPRESENTATIONS OF AGE......Page 246
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO AGEIST STEREOTYPES AND THE MYTHS OF AGING......Page 247
SENIOR CITIZENS AND TEENAGERS IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 249
Representations of Older and Elderly People......Page 250
Representations of Teenagers......Page 252
Representations of Older and Elderly People......Page 257
Representations of Teenagers......Page 260
Representations of Older and Elderly People......Page 261
Representations of Teenagers......Page 264
AGE AND NEW MEDIA......Page 265
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 267
Notes......Page 268
12: REPRESENTATIONS OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES......Page 271
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO REPRESENTATIONS OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES......Page 272
PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES IN FILM......Page 275
PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES IN ENTERTAINMENT TELEVISION......Page 276
PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES IN THE NEWS......Page 282
PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES IN ADVERTISING......Page 285
Reflection Questions and Thoughts to Consider......Page 288
Notes......Page 289
13: REPRESENTATIONS OF CLASS......Page 291
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO CLASS REPRESENTATIONS......Page 292
REPRESENTATIONS OF CLASS IN FILM......Page 295
REPRESENTATIONS OF CLASS IN ENTERTAINMENT TELEVISION......Page 301
REPRESENTATIONS OF CLASS IN THE NEWS......Page 304
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 309
Notes......Page 310
BROADCAST NEWS AND NEWSPAPER INDUSTRIES AND DIVERSITY......Page 312
THE MAGAZINE INDUSTRY AND DIVERSITY......Page 316
ENTERTAINMENT INDUSTRY AND DIVERSITY......Page 317
THE MASS MEDIA INDUSTRY AND DIVERSITY STATEMENTS/INITIATIVES......Page 320
Brent Merrill......Page 324
Kent Takano......Page 325
Lisa Fernandez......Page 327
Rebecca Traister......Page 328
Richard Prince......Page 330
Huma Razvi......Page 331
Reflection Questions and Thoughts to Consider......Page 332
Notes......Page 333
COMMON THREADS IN MASS MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS......Page 334
PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF MASS MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS......Page 336
MINORITY MEDIA AS COUNTERACTING AGENTS......Page 337
Notes......Page 341
Suggestions for Further Exploration......Page 342
RULES AND REGULATIONS IMPACT REPRESENTATIONS......Page 343
MINORITIES AS THE "OTHER"......Page 344
Suggestions for Further Exploration......Page 345
Suggestions for Further Exploration......Page 346
Notes......Page 347
GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS/CONCEPTS......Page 348
REFERENCES......Page 356
INDEX......Page 371