Diversity in Organizations

Cover
......Page 1
Title Page
......Page 3
Copyright
......Page 5
Brief Contents......Page 8
Table of Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 16
Section I: Introduction, Theories, and Legislation......Page 21
Ch 1: Introduction......Page 23
Determining “Diversity” in an International Context......Page 25
Multiple Group Memberships and Permeability of Boundaries......Page 26
Terminology......Page 28
The Stimulus for the Focus on Diversity: Workforce 2000......Page 29
Diversity and Organizational Competitiveness......Page 32
Individual Benefits of Diversity......Page 44
Diversity, Individual Outcomes, and Organizational Effectiveness......Page 45
Organization of the Book......Page 46
Key Terms......Page 55
Actions and Exercises......Page 56
Ch 2: Theories and Thinking about Diversity......Page 57
What is a “Minority”?......Page 58
Categorization and Identity......Page 62
Aversive Racism, Ambivalent Sexism, and Other New Isms......Page 73
Recommendations for Individuals and Organizations......Page 77
Key Terms......Page 79
Questions to Consider......Page 80
Actions and Exercises......Page 81
Ch 3: Legislation......Page 83
Historical Background......Page 85
Major Federal Acts Related to Diversity in Organizations......Page 86
Other Relevant State, Local, and City Ordinances......Page 122
Effects of Diversity on the Judiciary and on Judicial Decisions......Page 123
Summary......Page 124
Questions to Consider......Page 125
Actions and Exercises......Page 126
Section II: Examining Specific Groups and Categories......Page 127
Ch 4: Blacks/African Americans......Page 129
History of Blacks in the United States......Page 131
Relevant Legislation......Page 136
Population......Page 137
Education, Employment, and Earnings......Page 138
Research on the Employment Experiences of African Americans......Page 144
Recommendations......Page 157
Summary......Page 163
Questions to Consider......Page 164
Actions and Exercises......Page 165
Ch 5: Latinos/Hispanics......Page 167
History of Hispanics in the United States......Page 168
Relevant Legislation......Page 174
Population......Page 176
Education, Employment, and Earnings......Page 178
Organizational Experiences of Hispanics......Page 182
Latinos as Customers......Page 199
Recommendations for Individuals......Page 201
Recommendations for Organizations......Page 202
Actions and Exercises......Page 204
Ch 6: Asians/Asian Americans......Page 207
History of Asians in the United States......Page 209
Relevant Legislation......Page 211
Population......Page 215
Education, Employment, and Earnings......Page 216
Asians as the “Model Minority”......Page 221
Asian American Entrepreneurs......Page 226
Research on Experiences of Asian Americans at Work......Page 229
Focus on Selected Asian Americans: Chinese, Indians, and Southeast Asians......Page 235
Recommendations for Individuals and Organizations......Page 238
Summary......Page 239
Questions to Consider......Page 240
Actions and Exercises......Page 241
Ch 7: Whites/European Americans......Page 243
History of Whites in the United States......Page 245
Relevant Legislation......Page 251
Population......Page 258
Education, Earnings, and Employment......Page 259
Research on Whites and Diversity......Page 261
Recommendations for Individuals......Page 269
Recommendations for Organizations......Page 270
Questions to Consider......Page 273
Actions and Exercises......Page 274
Ch 8: American Indians, Alaska Natives, and Multiracial Group Members......Page 277
History of American Indians in North America......Page 279
Population......Page 282
Education, Employment, and Earnings......Page 285
Relevant Legislation......Page 287
American Indian and Alaskan Native Women......Page 289
Multiracial Group Members......Page 292
Population......Page 296
Amerasians......Page 297
Recommendations for Individuals and Organizations......Page 298
Key Terms......Page 300
Actions and Exercises......Page 301
Ch 9: Sex and Gender......Page 303
Relevant Legislation......Page 305
Population......Page 306
Participation and Earnings......Page 307
Gender Role Socialization......Page 313
Sex Discrimination......Page 319
Sexual Harassment......Page 322
The Glass Ceiling and Other Boundaries......Page 327
Sex, Race, and Ethnicity......Page 330
Unique Gender Issues......Page 332
Recommendations for Individuals and Organizations......Page 334
Questions to Consider......Page 338
Actions and Exercises......Page 339
Ch 10: Work and Family......Page 341
Relevant Legislation......Page 343
Population, Participation, and Education......Page 349
Earnings......Page 352
Flexible Schedules......Page 355
Unpaid and Paid Leaves......Page 358
Same-Sex Couples in Family Relationships......Page 360
Men, Work, and Family......Page 361
Beyond the Family: Society, Organizations, and Family Issues......Page 362
Family Policies in Selected Countries......Page 363
Elder Care......Page 365
Parenting Again: Grandparents Caring for Grandchildren......Page 366
Recommendations for Individuals......Page 367
Recommendations for Organizations......Page 368
Questions to Consider......Page 370
Actions and Exercises......Page 371
Ch 11: Sexual Orientation......Page 373
History of Gay Rights in the United States......Page 375
Education and Income Levels......Page 377
Relevant Legislation......Page 379
Partner Benefits......Page 382
HIV/AIDS at Work: Unfounded Fears......Page 384
Codes of Silence: Not Just the U.S. Military......Page 387
Out at Work?......Page 390
Recommendations for Individuals......Page 392
Recommendations for Organizations......Page 393
Key Terms......Page 395
Actions and Exercises......Page 396
Ch 12: Religion......Page 397
Population and Variations among Beliefs......Page 399
Race, Ethnicity, and Religion......Page 400
Relevant Legislation......Page 401
The Diversity among Arab Americans and Muslims in the United States......Page 407
Religion as an Invisible Identity......Page 408
Women’s Roles in Organized Religion......Page 409
Religion and Diversity in Sexual Orientation at Work......Page 410
Recommendations for Individuals......Page 415
Recommendations for Organizations......Page 416
Key Terms......Page 417
Actions and Exercises......Page 418
Ch 13: Age......Page 419
Relevant Legislation for Older Workers......Page 421
Legal Protections for Younger Workers......Page 426
Population, Participation Rates, and Employment......Page 428
Education......Page 430
Research on Employment Experiences of Older Workers......Page 433
Research on Employment Experiences of Younger Workers......Page 441
Recommendations for Individuals......Page 446
Recommendations for Organizations......Page 447
Questions to Consider......Page 449
Actions and Exercises......Page 450
Ch 14: Physical and Mental Ability......Page 451
Relevant Legislation......Page 453
Population, Education, and Employment......Page 460
Employment Experiences of People with Disabilities......Page 463
Customers with Disabilities......Page 470
Recommendations for Organizations......Page 471
Key Terms......Page 476
Actions and Exercises......Page 477
Ch 15: Weight and Appearance......Page 479
Population......Page 483
Education, Employment Levels, Types, and Income......Page 486
Legislation Relevant to Weight and Appearance......Page 489
Effects of Weight on Health and on Costs to Employers......Page 493
Is it the Fat, the Health, or the Stigma of Overweight?......Page 496
Appearance: Cases and Legislation......Page 499
Recommendations for Individuals and Organizations......Page 502
Questions to Consider......Page 506
Actions and Exercises......Page 507
Section III: Global Vision......Page 509
Ch 16: International Diversity and Facing the Future......Page 511
Discrimination and Differential Treatment as Worldwide Phenomena......Page 515
Sex and Gender: The Status of Women around the World......Page 517
People with Disabilities......Page 520
Sexual Orientation......Page 525
Poverty......Page 526
Facing the Future: The Broad Reach of Diversity in Organizations......Page 529
Recommendations for Change at an Organizational Level......Page 531
Recommendations for Change at an Individual Level......Page 538
Capitalizing on the Strength of Diversity in the United States......Page 540
Actions and Exercises......Page 542
Name Index......Page 543
Subject Index......Page 553