Distribution System Modeling and Analysis with MATLAB® and WindMil®

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Authors
Chapter 1: Introduction to Distribution Systems
	1.1 The Distribution System
	1.2 Distribution Substations
	1.3 Radial Feeders
	1.4 Distribution Feeder Map
	1.5 Distribution Feeder Electrical Characteristics
	1.6 Summary
	References
Chapter 2: The Nature of Loads
	2.1 Definitions
	2.2 Individual Customer Load
		2.2.1 Demand
		2.2.2 Maximum Demand
		2.2.3 Average Demand
		2.2.4 Load Factor
	2.3 Distribution Transformer Loading
		2.3.1 Diversified Demand
		2.3.2 Maximum Diversified Demand
		2.3.3 Load Duration Curve
		2.3.4 Maximum Non-coincident Demand
		2.3.5 Diversity Factor
		2.3.6 Demand Factor
		2.3.7 Utilization Factor
		2.3.8 Load Diversity
	2.4 Feeder Load
		2.4.1 Load Allocation
			2.4.1.1 Application of Diversity Factors
			2.4.1.2 Load Survey
			2.4.1.3 Transformer Load Management
			2.4.1.4 Metered Feeder Maximum Demand
			2.4.1.5 What Method to Use?
		2.4.2 Voltage Drop Calculations Using Allocated Loads
			2.4.2.1 Application of Diversity Factors
			2.4.2.2 Load Allocation Based Upon Transformer Ratings
	2.5 Individual Customer Loads with Electric Vehicles
	2.6 Summary
	Problems
	References
Chapter 3: Balanced System Method of Analysis
	3.1 Line Impedance
	3.2 Voltage Drop
	3.3 The LIT
		3.3.1 Linear Network
		3.3.2 Non-linear Network
	3.4 Summary
	Problems
	References
Chapter 4: Series Impedance of Overhead and Underground lines
	4.1 Series Impedance of Overhead Lines
		4.1.1 Transposed and Balanced Three-Phase Lines
		4.1.2 Untransposed Distribution Lines
		4.1.3 Carson’s Equations
		4.1.4 Modified Carson’s Equations
		4.1.5 Primitive Impedance Matrix for Overhead Lines
		4.1.6 Phase Impedance of Matrix for Overhead Lines
		4.1.7 Parallel Overhead Distribution Lines
	4.2 Series Impedance of Underground Lines
		4.2.1 Concentric Neutral Cable
		4.2.2 Tape Shielded Cables
		4.2.3 Parallel Underground Distribution Lines
	4.3 Summary
	Problems
	WindMil Assignment
	References
Chapter 5: Shunt Admittance of Overhead and Underground Lines
	5.1 General Voltage Drop Equation
	5.2 Overhead Lines
		5.2.1 The Shunt Admittance of Overhead Parallel Lines
	5.3 Concentric Neutral Cable Underground Lines
	5.4 Tape Shielded Cable Underground Lines
	5.5 The Shunt Admittance of Parallel Underground Lines
	5.6 Summary
	Problems
	WindMil Assignment
	References
Chapter 6: Distribution System Line Models
	6.1 Exact Line Segment Model
	6.2 The Modified Line Model
		6.2.1 The Three-Wire Line
		6.2.2 The Computation of Neutral and Ground Currents
	6.3 Source Impedances
	6.4 The LIT
	6.5 The General Matrices for Parallel Lines
		6.5.1 Physically Parallel Lines
		6.5.2 Electrically Parallel Lines
	6.6 Summary
	Problems
	WindMil Assignment
	References
Chapter 7: Voltage Regulation
	7.1 Standard Voltage Ratings
	7.2 Two-Winding Transformer Theory
	7.3 Two-Winding Autotransformer
		7.3.1 Autotransformer Ratings
		7.3.2 Per-Unit Impedance
	7.4 Step-Voltage Regulators
		7.4.1 Single-Phase, Step-Voltage Regulators
			7.4.1.1 Type A Step-Voltage Regulator
			7.4.1.2 Type B Step-Voltage Regulator
			7.4.1.3 Generalized Constants
			7.4.1.4 The Line-Drop Compensator
		7.4.2 Three-Phase, Step-Voltage Regulators
			7.4.2.1 Wye-Connected Regulators
			7.4.2.2 Closed Delta-Connected Regulators
			7.4.2.3 Open Delta-Connected Regulators
	7.5 Summary
	Problems
	Windmil Assignment:
	References
Chapter 8: Three-Phase Transformer Models
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Generalized Matrices
	8.3 The Delta-Grounded Wye Step-Down Connection
		8.3.1 Voltages
		8.3.2 Currents
	8.4 The Delta-Grounded Wye Step-Up Connection
	8.5 The Ungrounded Wye-Delta Step-Down Connection
	8.6 The Ungrounded Wye-Delta Step-Up Connection
	8.7 The Grounded Wye-Delta Step-Down Connection
	8.8 Open Wye – Open Delta
	8.9 The Grounded Wye – Grounded Wye Connection
	8.10 The Delta – Delta Connection
	8.11 Open Delta – Open Delta
	8.12 Thevenin Equivalent Circuit
	8.13 Summary
	Problems
	WindMil Assignment
Chapter 9: Load Models
	9.1 Wye-Connected Loads
		9.1.1 Constant Real and Reactive Power Loads
		9.1.2 Constant Impedance Loads
		9.1.3 Constant Current Loads
		9.1.4 Combination Loads
	9.2 Delta-Connected Loads
		9.2.1 Constant Real and Reactive Power Loads
		9.2.2 Constant Impedance Loads
		9.2.3 Constant Current Loads
		9.2.4 Combination Loads
		9.2.5 Line Currents Serving a Delta-Connected Load
	9.3 Two-Phase and Single-Phase Loads
	9.4 Shunt Capacitors
		9.4.1 Wye-Connected Capacitor Bank
		9.4.2 Delta-Connected Capacitor Bank
	9.5 Three-Phase Induction Machine
		9.5.1 Induction Machine Model
		9.5.2 Symmetrical Component Analysis of a Motor
		9.5.3 Phase Analysis of an Induction Motor
		9.5.4 Voltage and Current Unbalance
		9.5.5 Motor Starting Current
		9.5.6 The Equivalent T Circuit
		9.5.7 Computation of Slip
		9.5.8 Induction Generator
		9.5.9 Induction Machine Thevenin Equivalent Circuit
		9.5.10 The Ungrounded Wye – Delta Transformer Bank with an Induction Motor
	9.6 Electric Vehicle (EV) Chargers
	9.7 Summary
	Problems
	References
Chapter 10: Distribution Feeder Analysis
	10.1 Power-Flow Analysis
		10.1.1 General Feeder
		10.1.2 Uniformly Distributed Loads
		10.1.3 Series Feeder
		10.1.4 The Unbalanced Three-Phase Distribution Feeder
			10.1.4.1 Shunt Components
		10.1.5 Applying the Iterative Technique
		10.1.6 Let's Put It All Together
		10.1.7 Load Allocation
		10.1.8 Loop Flow
			10.1.8.1 Single-Phase Feeder
			10.1.8.2 IEEE 13 Bus Test Feeder
			10.1.8.3 Summary of Loop Flow
		10.1.9 Summary of Power-Flow Studies
	10.2 Short-Circuit Studies
		10.2.1 General Short-Circuit Theory
		10.2.2 Specific Short Circuits
		10.2.3 Back-Feed, Ground-Fault Currents
			10.2.3.1 One Downstream Transformer Bank
			10.2.3.2 Complete Three-Phase Circuit Analysis
			10.2.3.3 Back-Feed Currents Summary
	10.3 Summary
	Problems
	WindMil Assignment
	References
Chapter 11: Center-Tapped Transformers and Secondaries
	11.1 Center-Tapped, Single-Phase Transformer Model
		11.1.1 Matrix Equations
		11.1.2 Center-Tapped Transformer Serving Loads through a Triplex Secondary
	11.2 Ungrounded Wye – Delta Transformer Bank with Center-Tapped Transformer
		11.2.1 Basic Transformer Equations
		11.2.2 Forward Sweep
		11.2.3 Backward Sweep
		11.2.4 Summary
	11.3 Open Wye – Open Delta Transformer Connections
		11.3.1 The Leading Open Wye – Open Delta Connection
		11.3.2 The Lagging Open Wye – Open Delta Connection
		11.3.3 Forward Sweep
		11.3.4 Backward Sweep
	11.4 Four-Wire Secondary
	11.5 Putting It All Together
		11.5.1 Ungrounded Wye – Delta Connection
		11.5.2 Open Wye – Delta Connections
		11.5.3 Comparisons of Voltage and Current Unbalances
	11.6 Summary
	Problems
	WindMil Assignment
	References
Appendix A: Conductor Data
Appendix B: Concentric Neutral 15 kV Cable
Index