Distributed Control Methods and Cyber Security Issues in Microgrids

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Distributed Control Methods and Cyber Security Issues in Microgrids
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Contributors
Preface
1
Sliding mode control of grid-connected power converters for microgrid applications
	Introduction of sliding mode control
		First-order sliding mode control
		Second-order sliding mode control
	Mathematical models of power converters
		Mathematical model of three-phase two-level AC/DC power converters
		Mathematical model of DC/DC buck converters
	SMC for power converters
		SMC of three-phase AC/DC power converters
			Mode uncertainties
			Control objectives
			Controller design
				Extended state observer
				Capacitor voltage regulation
				Grid current tracking
			Simulation results
		SMC for DC/DC buck converters
			Control objectives
			Design of controller
				Voltage regulation loop
				Current tracking loop
			Simulation results
				Against load resistance variation
				Against input voltage variation
				Against reference voltage variation
	Conclusion
	References
2
Distributed voltage restoration and power allocation control in islanded DC microgrids
	Introduction
	Problem formulation and objectives
		Droop control
		Objectives
	Distributed secondary control for voltage restoration
		Controller design
		Stability analysis
		Distributed secondary control with pinning gain
		Control parameters selection
	Simulation results
		Proposed distributed secondary control
			Case A: Backup DG plug-and-play
			Case B: Different pinning gains
		Robustness test with respect to temporary fault
		Comparison with existing methods
	Experimental validation
		Experimental results with resistant load
		Experimental results with constant power load
		Experimental results with communication time delay
	Conclusion
	References
3
Optimal distributed secondary control for a microgrid
	Introduction
	Preliminaries
		Graph theory
		Closed-loop optimal control algorithm
	Proposed optimal distributed control strategy
		Optimal distributed finite-time secondary frequency control and active power sharing
		Optimal distributed secondary voltage control and reactive power sharing
		Communication delay analysis
		Algorithm implementation
	Simulation analysis
		Performance evaluation the proposed optimal distributed control strategy
		Convergence analysis
		Influence analysis of the communication delay
		Robustness analysis against the uncertainties of parameters
		Influence analysis of the bounded control input
		Plug-and-play capability analysis
		Scalability test
	Conclusion
	References
4
Distributed power control of flexible loads in microgrids
	Coordinated active power dispatch control for a microgrid
		Distributed pinning consensus on networks and corporation optimization
			Distributed pinning consensus algorithm
			Dispatch optimization of units in microgrid by λ-iteration algorithm
			Corporation dispatch control of units in a microgrid
		Distributed λ-iteration optimization of active power
			Solution without power constraints
			Solution with power constraints
		Case studies
			Case 1: The full participation of DGs and ESUs
			Case 2: Exit of ESUs and time-varying demand
			Case 3: The plugging-in DGs to share the active power
		Conclusion
	Demand response load following control of smart grids
		Problem formulation and aggregate evaluation of TCLs
			Basic model of a single TCL and an aggregator
			Aggregate evaluation of TCL aggregator
		Look-ahead economic dispatch to provide load following trajectories
		Distributed pinning control of multiple aggregated TCLs
		Simulation and results
			Aggregate evaluation of the aggregator
			Reference power trajectories solving
			Demand response load following control of TCLs
		Conclusion
	References
5
False data injection attacks on inverter-based microgrid in autonomous mode
	Introduction
	Inverter-based microgrid structure
		Physical layer
		Cyber-communication layer
	System dynamic model
		Small signal model
		Active power reference
	System performance under FDI attacks
		Distributed load sharing control under FDI attacks
		Impacts of FDI attacks
	Simulation examples
		Stable region
		System performance under attack strategy 1
		System performance under attack strategy 2
		Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
6
Distributed finite-time control of aggregated energy storage systems for frequency regulation in multiarea microg
	Introduction
		Background
		Literature survey
		Contributions
	Proposed frequency control scheme
		System overview
		Multiarea microgrids
	Proposed disturbance observer
		System disturbance observer
		Band-pass filter
	Distributed finite-time control of ESA
		Communication graph
		Finite-time consensus control of ESA
		Stability analysis
		Numerical illustrations
	Results and discussions
		Case 1: System contingency
		Case 2: Normal operation
		Case 3: Multiarea microgrids
		Case 4: Comparison with linear control algorithm
	Conclusion
	References
7
Distributed optimization algorithm for economic dispatch: A bisectional approach
	Introduction
	System modeling
		Problem formulation
		Centralized solution to the EDP
	Introduction to consensus-like algorithm
		Graph theory and nonnegative matrices
		Consensus-like algorithm
	Distributed bisection algorithm: Design and analysis
		Distributed algorithm for aggregate demand
		Distributed algorithm for feasibility test
		Distributed bisection algorithm
		Convergence analysis and stopping criteria
	Numerical examples
		Case 1: The EDP with quadratic cost functions only
		Case 2: EDP with nonquadratic cost functions
		Case 3: Convergence speed analysis
		Case 4: The comparison with the algorithm in 6345156
		Case 5: Implementation on IEEE 118-bus system
	Conclusion and discussion
	References
8
Scheduling of EV battery swapping in microgrids
	Introduction
		Background, motivation, and contributions
		Literature
	Problem formulation
		Network model
			DC power flow equations
			Fix-point linearization of power flow equations
			DistFlow equations and SOCP relaxation
			Operational constraints
		Battery swapping scheduling
	Centralized solution
	Distributed solutions
		Relaxations
		Distributed solution via ADMM
		Distributed solution via dual decomposition
	Numerical results
		Setup
		Centralized solution
			Nearest-station policy
			Optimal assignments
			Optimality of generalized Benders decomposition
			Exactness of SOCP relaxation
			Computational effort
			Benefit
		Distributed solutions
			Convergence
			Suboptimality (comparison with centralized solution)
			Exactness of SOCP relaxation
			Scalability
	Concluding remarks
		Summary
		Model limitations
	Appendix: Proof of [TEO:NUMBER]Theorem 1
	References
9
Dispatch strategy of energy bank system with hybrid energy storage
	Introduction
	EBS model structure
		Definition in energy bank system
		Energy bank system model and structure
	Trading model
		Call auction
		Rule of maximum transaction volume
		Rule of treaty violation
	Listed-energy and listed-price (LELP) model
		Selling listed-price
		Buying listed-price
		Assessment indices
	Deposit system of energy
		Figure of deposit energy currency
		Operation model of DSE
		Economic model of DSE
	Case study
		System description
		Simulation
	Conclusion
	References
10
False data injection attacks and countermeasures in smart microgrid systems
	Introduction
	Preliminaries and problem formulation
		Network model
			Physical network
			Communication network
		Dynamic model
		UIO-based detector
		Problem formulation
	Main results
		Potential stealthy attacks
		Attack impacts analysis
		Countermeasures
	Simulation
	Conclusions
	References
Index
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