Diseases and Pathogens of Eucalypts

CONTENTS......Page 6
Preface......Page 14
Contributors......Page 18
Summary......Page 24
1.2 Eucalypts in native forests......Page 25
1.3 Eucalypts as exotics......Page 26
1.4 Industrial eucalypt plantations......Page 27
1.5 Eucalypts in the rural landscape......Page 28
1.7 References......Page 30
Summary......Page 34
2.2 Morphology......Page 35
2.3 Phylogeny......Page 37
2.4 Origins......Page 39
2.5 Distribution......Page 41
2.6 Hybridisation......Page 44
2.7 Genetic variation......Page 46
2.8 Genetic variation in susceptibility to disease......Page 47
2.9 Factors affecting disease risk in plantations......Page 49
2.11 References......Page 50
Summary......Page 58
3.2 Growth habits of the eucalypts......Page 59
3.3 Sivicultural practice in natural forests......Page 61
3.4 Ecologically sustainable silviculture......Page 63
3.5 New directions in silviculture......Page 65
3.6 Eucalypt plantations......Page 66
3.8 References......Page 67
Summary......Page 70
4.1 Introduction......Page 71
4.2 Characteristics of eucalypts in relation to their regeneration......Page 73
4.4 Major modes of regeneration......Page 74
4.5 In synthesis—the strategies of survival......Page 81
4.6 References......Page 82
Summary......Page 84
5.2 Productivity and light interception......Page 85
5.3 Biomass production, partitioning of dry mass and foliage......Page 86
5.4 Gas exchange and stomatal conductance......Page 87
5.5 Water relations......Page 89
5.7 References......Page 91
Summary......Page 94
6.1 Introduction......Page 95
6.2 Structure of eucalypt mycorrhizas......Page 96
6.3 Functioning of mycorrhizas......Page 97
6.4 The fungal partners of eucalypts......Page 106
6.5 Mycorrhizal infection cycles......Page 109
6.6 Ecology of mycorrhizas......Page 110
6.7 Manipulating eucalypt mycorrhizas......Page 113
6.8 References......Page 117
Summary......Page 126
7.2 Fungi of flowers and capsules and their pathogenicity......Page 127
7.3 Seed fungi of eucalypts......Page 129
7.4 Control of seed fungi......Page 137
7.6 References......Page 138
Summary......Page 142
8.2 Diseases with abiotic causes......Page 143
8.3 Fungal diseases......Page 144
8.6 References......Page 166
Summary......Page 176
9.1 Introduction......Page 177
9.2 Target spot (Aulographina eucalypti)......Page 178
9.3 Leaf spot, leaf blotch and crinkle leaf blight (Mycosphaerella species)......Page 186
9.4 Biotrophic infections......Page 198
9.6 Eucalypt rust (Puccinia psidii)......Page 214
9.7 Angular, vein-limited leaf spots......Page 216
9.9 Winter leaf spot (Piggotia substellata and Ceuthospora innumera)......Page 229
9.10 Leaf spots and speckles of minor importance......Page 233
9.11 Leaf spots and blights of stressed plants......Page 241
9.12 Conclusion......Page 250
9.14 References......Page 253
Summary......Page 264
10.2 Fungal invasion and host responses......Page 265
10.3 Effect of plant stress on the development of cankers......Page 267
10.4 Major canker diseases of eucalypts......Page 268
10.5 Opportunistic pathogens associated with cankers in eucalypts......Page 271
10.7 Acknowledgments......Page 275
10.8 References......Page 276
Summary......Page 282
11.1 Introduction......Page 283
11.3 Host range......Page 284
11.4 Distribution patterns and effect of disease......Page 285
11.5 Host–pathogen interactions......Page 287
11.6 Pathogenicity of Pythiaceae on eucalypts......Page 290
11.7 Effects of disease on wood production and conservation values......Page 292
11.8 Pathogen dynamics......Page 295
11.9 Resistance mechanisms......Page 303
11.10 Effects of environment on disease development in established infections......Page 305
11.13 References......Page 307
Summary......Page 316
12.2 Armillaria root disease......Page 317
12.3 Pseudophaeolus root disease......Page 323
12.5 Other woody root diseases......Page 324
12.6 Conclusion......Page 325
12.7 References......Page 326
Summary......Page 330
13.2 Causal organisms and hosts......Page 331
13.3 The decay process......Page 346
13.4 Factors affecting decay development......Page 350
13.5 Particular heart rots and stem conditions......Page 354
13.6 Conclusion......Page 355
13.8 References......Page 356
Summary......Page 362
14.2 Virus-like diseases......Page 363
14.3 Diseases associated with phytoplasmas......Page 364
14.4 Diseases caused by bacteria......Page 366
14.5 Diseases associated with nematodes......Page 369
14.6 Conclusion......Page 371
14.7 References......Page 372
Summary......Page 376
15.2 Mistletoes parasitic on eucalypts......Page 377
15.3 Native cherries parasitic on eucalypts......Page 398
15.4 Dodder-laurels parasitic on eucalypts......Page 400
15.6 References......Page 401
Summary......Page 408
16.3 Nutrient deficiencies......Page 409
16.4 Toxicities......Page 418
16.5 Water as an abiotic factor......Page 421
16.6 Frost......Page 423
16.7 Artificial environments......Page 424
16.9 Conclusion......Page 425
16.10 References......Page 426
Summary......Page 434
17.2 Etiology of diebacks and declines......Page 435
17.4 Forest diebacks associated with drought......Page 437
17.6 Forest and woodland diebacks associated with chronic insect herbivory......Page 439
17.7 Plantation diseases of complex etiology......Page 444
17.8 Conclusion......Page 445
17.9 References......Page 446
Summary......Page 466
18.1 Introduction......Page 467
18.2 Environmental concerns......Page 469
18.3 Quarantine and eradication......Page 470
18.4 Forest health surveillance......Page 471
18.5 Approaches to disease management......Page 472
18.6 Political and legislative considerations......Page 477
18.7 Conclusion......Page 478
18.9 References......Page 479
Summary......Page 484
19.1 Introduction......Page 485
19.2 Management of dieback caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi......Page 488
19.3 Management of dieback diseases of complex etiology......Page 499
19.4 Management of root rot caused by Armillaria luteobubalina......Page 503
19.5 Management of foliar and canker diseases......Page 505
19.6 Management of stem and butt rots......Page 506
19.7 Conclusion......Page 508
19.8 References......Page 509
Summary......Page 516
20.2 The mining operation......Page 517
20.4 The management strategy......Page 518
20.5 Procedures for disease control......Page 520
20.6 Success in management of disease......Page 522
20.8 References......Page 524
Summary......Page 526
21.1 Management of nursery diseases—general principles......Page 527
21.2 Two minimal-disease nursery systems......Page 530
21.3 Control of particular nursery diseases......Page 532
21.5 Conclusion......Page 549
21.7 References......Page 550
Summary......Page 558
22.2 Disease and the selection of species......Page 559
22.3 Disease management strategies......Page 562
22.6 References......Page 566
Nematodes......Page 570
Fungi and other Microorganisms (Actinomycetes, Bacteria, Oomycota, Phytoplasmas) Index......Page 571
Eucalypt (Angophora, Corymbia, Eucalyptus) Scientific Names......Page 587
Eucalypt (Angophora, Corymbia, Eucalyptus) Common Names......Page 591
Other Plants......Page 595
C......Page 597
E......Page 598
I......Page 599
M......Page 600
P......Page 601
R......Page 602
T......Page 603
Z......Page 604