Diseases and Disorders in Infancy and Early Childhood

Diseases and Disorders in Infancy and Early Childhood......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 10
Preface......Page 14
Glossary......Page 16
Background of ADHD......Page 17
Molecular Genetic Studies of ADHD......Page 18
Genome Scans for ADHD......Page 19
Dopamine Transporter......Page 20
Dopamine D4 Receptor......Page 21
Dopamine D1 Receptor......Page 22
Norepinephrine Transporter......Page 23
Serotonin 1B Receptor Gene......Page 24
Synaptosomal-Associated Protein 25 Gene......Page 25
Future Directions......Page 26
Summary......Page 28
Introduction......Page 29
Epidemiology of Pediatric HIV/AIDS: Global Epidemic......Page 30
Transmission of HIV/AIDS to Infants......Page 31
Growth and physical development......Page 32
Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Functioning......Page 33
Psychological Distress......Page 34
Social Context of the HIV Epidemic: Impact upon Child Development......Page 35
Treatment Adherence - Critical to Illness Management......Page 36
Future Directions for Intervention Efforts€in Pediatric HIV/AIDS......Page 37
Glossary......Page 38
The Allergic Response......Page 39
Allergic Rhinitis......Page 40
Asthma......Page 41
Atopic Dermatitis......Page 43
Food Allergy......Page 44
Insect Hypersensitivity......Page 45
Diagnostic Testing for Allergies......Page 46
Allergen Immunotherapy......Page 47
Glossary......Page 48
Introduction......Page 49
Effects of Asthma on the Airways......Page 50
What Causes Asthma......Page 52
Diagnosing Asthma......Page 53
Classification System for Asthma......Page 54
Self-Care and Monitoring: Asthma Action Plans......Page 55
Relevant Websites......Page 56
Overview of Auditory System......Page 57
Inner Ear......Page 59
Measurement Considerations......Page 60
Age Trends......Page 61
Classification and Incidence of Hearing Disorders......Page 63
Pediatric audiological assessment......Page 64
Hearing technology......Page 65
Suggested Readings......Page 66
Introduction......Page 67
Diagnosis and Early Recognition......Page 68
Genetic Influences in ASD......Page 69
Joint Attention......Page 70
Motor Imitation......Page 71
Language......Page 72
Relevant Websites......Page 73
Introduction......Page 74
Physiology......Page 75
Endocrine Factors......Page 76
Organic Disease......Page 77
Physical Examination......Page 78
Laboratory and Radiographic Examination......Page 79
Alarms......Page 80
Imipramine......Page 81
Glossary......Page 82
Epidemiology of Preterm Birth......Page 83
Mortality Associated with Premature Birth......Page 84
Respiratory distress syndrome and chronic lung disease......Page 85
Neurodevelopmental outcome of premature infants......Page 86
Factors that adversely affect neurodevelopmental outcome......Page 87
Necrotizing enterocolitis......Page 88
Risk Factors for Asphyxia......Page 89
Clinical Markers of Asphyxia......Page 90
Summary......Page 91
Glossary......Page 92
Birth Defects: General Principles......Page 93
Variability......Page 94
Infections......Page 95
Social/Psychological Impact......Page 96
Malformations......Page 97
Categories of grouping......Page 98
Birth Defects: Diagnosis and Treatment......Page 99
Birth Defects Newly Diagnosed at Birth......Page 100
Preventing Birth Defects......Page 101
Three-Dimensional Limb Patterning......Page 102
Fetal Surgery......Page 103
Relevant Websites......Page 104
Glossary......Page 106
History......Page 107
Classification......Page 108
Management......Page 110
Oral Medications......Page 111
Complementary and Alternative Therapies......Page 112
Suggested Readings......Page 113
Epidemiology......Page 114
Psychologic Features......Page 115
Suggested Readings......Page 117
Introduction......Page 118
Theory and Early Observations of Infant Depression......Page 119
Maternal Depression and Its Influence on Infants' Psychobiological Processes......Page 120
Empirical Studies of Preschool Depression......Page 121
Depression in Infants and Toddlers......Page 122
Treatment......Page 123
Suggested Readings......Page 124
Introduction......Page 125
Normal Language Development......Page 127
Disorders of receptive and expressive language......Page 128
Etiology......Page 129
Social competence......Page 130
Visual-Spatial Disabilities......Page 131
Glossary......Page 133
The International Classification of Functioning Model Applied to Early Childhood Disability: Cerebral Palsy after Prematurity,......Page 135
Understanding Cerebral Palsy......Page 137
Mechanisms of Central Nervous System Injury in Childhood Cancer......Page 138
Leukemia: Neurocognitive and Academic Outcomes......Page 139
Understanding Congenital Heart Disease......Page 140
Kindergarten Functional Status, School Function and 10-Year Health-Related Quality of Life......Page 141
Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy......Page 142
Myotonic Dystrophy......Page 143
Early Childhood Outcomes of Spina Bifida......Page 144
Glossary......Page 145
Regulation of Intestinal Fluid Secretion and Absorption......Page 146
Approach to the Child with Diarrhea......Page 147
Infectious Diarrhea in Children......Page 148
Inflammatory Diarrhea......Page 149
Laboratory Evaluation of Diarrhea......Page 150
Treatment of Diarrheal Disease......Page 151
Suggested Readings......Page 152
Introduction......Page 153
Overall Intelligence Quotient......Page 154
Speech, Language, and Communication......Page 155
Temperament, Personality, and Motivation......Page 157
Maladaptive Behavior......Page 158
Parenting Behavior......Page 159
Suggested Readings......Page 160
Glands......Page 162
Primary Endocrine Hormones......Page 164
Preconception......Page 165
Endocrinology of Fetal Development......Page 166
Endocrine System and Stress......Page 167
Growth Disorders......Page 168
Thyroid Disease......Page 169
Cushing's Syndrome and Cushing's Disease......Page 170
Relevant Websites......Page 171
Glossary......Page 172
Some Misconceptions About Failure to Thirve......Page 173
Emotional Aspects......Page 174
Nutritional Aspects......Page 175
Case Vignette: Infant Anorexia Syndrome......Page 176
Case Vignette: Nervous Vomiting......Page 177
Case Vignette: Infant Rumination Syndrome......Page 178
Case Vignette: Hyperphagic Psychosocial Dwarfism, That Is, 'Deprivation Dwarfism'......Page 180
Clinical Presentations of Failure to Thrive......Page 181
Type II - Failure to Thrive Presenting with Symptoms Suggestive of Organic Disease......Page 182
Case Vignette: Type III Failure to Thrive - Factitious Disorder by Proxy (Also Known as Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy)......Page 183
Case Vignette - Type IV Failure to Thrive......Page 184
Coda......Page 185
Introduction......Page 186
Stage 2: Achieving Dyadic Reciprocity......Page 187
A€Historical Perspective......Page 188
Diagnostic criteria......Page 189
Diagnostic criteria......Page 190
Review of the literature......Page 191
Review of the literature......Page 192
Clinical description......Page 193
Clinical description......Page 194
Suggested Readings......Page 195
A€Spectrum Disorder......Page 196
Caregiving Burden and Costs......Page 198
Diagnosis in the Early Years......Page 199
Co-Occurring Conditions......Page 200
The Developmental Impact of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure in Young Children......Page 201
Deficits in Speech, Language, and Communication......Page 202
Difficulties in Adaptive Behavior and Social-Emotional Development......Page 203
Child and Family Characteristics in the Presence of FASDs: Risk and Protective Factors......Page 204
Developing Interventions Based on a Developmental Systems Model......Page 205
Suggested Readings......Page 206
Physical and Medical Phenotype......Page 207
Neurobiology and Brain Development......Page 208
Perceptual Development......Page 209
Social and Emotional Development......Page 210
Hyperarousal, Anxiety, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder......Page 211
Involvement in Premutation Carriers......Page 212
Treatment and Intervention......Page 213
Suggested Readings......Page 214
Relevant Websites......Page 215
Introduction......Page 216
Sex-Linked vs. Sex-Limited Traits......Page 217
Known Sex-Linked Disorders......Page 218
Blueprint for Evaluating Potential Sex-Linked Disorders......Page 220
Autism: An Illustrative Example......Page 221
Suggested Readings......Page 222
Concepts and Definitions......Page 223
Mendelian Single-Gene Disorders......Page 225
Repeat Expansions Single-Gene Disorders......Page 227
Single-Gene Disorders and Developmental Sciences......Page 228
Relevant Websites......Page 230
Introduction......Page 232
Innate Immunity......Page 233
B Lymphocytes......Page 234
Memory......Page 235
Complement System......Page 236
Cellular Immunity......Page 237
Immunodeficiencies of the Innate Immune System......Page 238
Immunodeficiency of the Humoral Immune System......Page 239
Conclusion......Page 240
Glossary......Page 241
Definition History......Page 242
Adaptive Behavior......Page 243
Etiology-Specific Approach......Page 244
Identifying Young Children with Intellectual Disability......Page 245
Early Intervention......Page 246
Education planning for older children with intellectual disability......Page 247
Etiology and Education Planning......Page 248
Summary......Page 249
Relevant Websites......Page 250
Glossary......Page 252
Human Exposure to Lead......Page 253
Sources of Environmental Lead, Exposure Mechanisms, and Biokinetics......Page 254
Lead Exposure in Early Childhood......Page 256
Frank Lead Poisoning......Page 257
Lead exposure and intelligence test performance......Page 258
Specific cognitive and neuropsychological functions......Page 259
Externalizing behaviors and juvenile delinquency......Page 260
Is There a Safe Level of Exposure?......Page 261
Are the effects of early lead exposure transient or permanent?......Page 263
A Perspective on Lead Exposure during Infancy and Early Childhood: The Importance of Small Effects......Page 264
Glossary......Page 265
Introduction......Page 266
Epidemiology......Page 267
Obstetric factors......Page 268
Single gene effects......Page 269
Clinical Features of Learning Disability......Page 270
Common Comorbities......Page 271
Assessment of Etiology......Page 272
Treatment of Learning Disability......Page 273
Treatment of Associated Problems......Page 274
Suggested Readings......Page 275
Introduction......Page 276
Development......Page 277
Social Context......Page 278
Diagnostic Classification Systems......Page 279
Behavioral disorders......Page 280
Relationship disorders......Page 281
Assessment of Infants and Caregivers......Page 282
Treatment (Selected Interventions)......Page 284
Suggested Readings......Page 285
Introduction......Page 288
Neural Induction and Neurulation......Page 289
Proliferation......Page 290
Migration......Page 292
Circuit Formation......Page 293
Growth of Axons and Dendrites......Page 294
Synaptic Pruning......Page 295
Developmental Plasticity......Page 296
Experience-Dependent Plasticity......Page 297
Suggested Readings......Page 298
Introduction......Page 300
Increased energy intake......Page 301
Endogenous Obesity......Page 302
Gastrointestinal Effects......Page 303
Orthopedic Effects......Page 304
Treatment......Page 305
Behavioral Options for Overweight Children......Page 306
Suggested Readings......Page 307
Glossary......Page 308
Schizophrenia......Page 309
Anxiety Disorders......Page 310
Mental Illness and Parenting: Dual Challenges......Page 311
Depression......Page 312
Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia......Page 313
Assessing Parenting Risk in Individuals with Chronic Mental Illness......Page 314
Effects on Children's Development and Well-Being......Page 315
Early childhood......Page 316
Long-term effects......Page 317
Conclusions......Page 318
Glossary......Page 319
Introduction......Page 320
Depressed Mothering and Infant-Mother Attachments......Page 322
Maternal Depression and Child Outcomes in Middle Childhood and Adolescence......Page 325
The Role of Maternal Self-Efficacy......Page 326
Maternal Depression in Transactional Perspective......Page 327
Conclusions......Page 328
Relevant Websites......Page 329
Introduction......Page 330
Origin......Page 331
Proprioceptive or deep reflexes......Page 333
Static reflexes......Page 334
Primitive or developmental reflexes......Page 335
Support and locomotion......Page 336
Normal Development of Reflexes in Childhood......Page 337
Assessment of Reflex Activity in the Child - General Considerations......Page 338
Assessment of Deep Tendon Reflexes......Page 339
Reflexes and Clinical Significance......Page 340
Suggested Readings......Page 341
Glossary......Page 344
Sensory Modulation Disorder......Page 345
Sensory Discrimination Disorder......Page 346
Postural disorder......Page 347
Other Clinical Populations of Children with Sensory Processing Disorder......Page 348
Proposed Mechanisms of Sensory Processing Disorder......Page 349
Intervention for Individual's with SPD......Page 350
Conclusion......Page 352
Reactions to the Approach and Disappearance of People......Page 353
Object permanence......Page 354
The 8-month anxiety......Page 355
The Normative Course of Separation Anxiety......Page 356
The Developmental Significance of Separation......Page 357
The Mother-Child Dyad and Separation Anxiety......Page 358
Attachment as a window on separation anxiety......Page 359
The separation-individuation process......Page 360
Differentiating Separation Anxiety Disorder from Normal Separation Reactions......Page 361
Suggested Readings......Page 362
Wariness to Strangers......Page 363
Behavioral Inhibition......Page 364
Social Anxiety......Page 366
Shyness vs. Social Withdrawal, Social Isolation, and Unsociability......Page 367
Development of Shyness: Infancy to Middle Childhood......Page 368
Long-Term Outcome of Early Shyness......Page 369
Glossary......Page 370
Introduction......Page 371
Epidemiology......Page 372
Research on the Cause of SIDS......Page 373
Avoid Soft Bedding, Pillows, Stuffed Animals, etc.......Page 375
Bedsharing......Page 376
Avoid Commercial Devices to 'Prevent SIDS'......Page 377
Parent Grief......Page 378
Summary......Page 379
Relevant Websites......Page 380
Introduction......Page 382
Human Studies......Page 383
Behavioral Teratology in Infancy and Early Childhood: Timing of Exposure, Timing of Outcome......Page 384
Many Types of Substances in Many Types of Conditions Are Evaluated as Potential Teratogens......Page 385
Normative Phenomena with Specific Problematic Instances......Page 386
Lead Exposure......Page 387
Mercury Exposure......Page 388
Alcohol Exposure......Page 389
Illicit Drugs......Page 390
Concluding Remarks......Page 391
Suggested Readings......Page 392
Glossary......Page 394
Techniques Used to Measure Normal and Abnormal Vision......Page 396
Model of Normal Visual Development......Page 397
Epidemiology of Childhood Visual Deficits......Page 400
Optic Nerve Problems......Page 401
Childhood Disorders Related to the Control of Eye Movements......Page 402
Vision Screening......Page 404
Deficits Related to Dorsal Stream(s) Function......Page 405
Suggested Readings......Page 407
Subject Index......Page 408