Disease Prevention and Health Promotion in Developing Countries

Foreword
Acknowledgements
Contents
Contributors
1 Introduction
	1.1 Health Equity and Social Determinants of Health
	1.2 Health Promotion
	1.3 Noncommunicable Diseases
	1.4 Health and Development
		1.4.1 The Rio Declaration on Environment (1992)
		1.4.2 The Millennium Development Goals (2000)
		1.4.3 The Sustainable Development Goals (2016): End Poverty and Hunger by 2030
		1.4.4 Inequality Adjusted Human Development
	References
Part I Burden of Disease, Health Equity and Social Determinants of Health
2 Social Determinants of Health and Health Equity in the WHO African Region
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Social Determinants of Health and Health Equity in Africa
		2.2.1 A Brief Recall on Social Determinants of Health and Health Equity
		2.2.2 Life Expectancy and Healthy Life Expectancy at Birth in the WHO African Region
		2.2.3 Early Childhood Mortality Rates in the WHO African Region
	2.3 Conclusion
	References
3 Under-Five Mortality Rate in Sudan: Statistical Analysis of Social Determinants of Health and Health Equity
	3.1 Background
	3.2 Methods
	3.3 Results and Discussion
	3.4 Conclusion
	References
4 The Environmental Health Role in Reducing Non Communicable Diseases Through a Healthy Lifestyle
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Non Communicable Diseases in the Word
	4.3 Environmental Health
	4.4 Healthy Lifestyle and Risk Factor
		4.4.1 Fruit and Vegetable Consumption
		4.4.2 Overweight and Obesity
		4.4.3 Physical Activity and Sedentarity
		4.4.4 Tobacco and Alcohol
	4.5 Direct Cost of NCDs
	4.6 Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases in Morocco
	4.7 Conclusion
	References
5 The Growing Trend of Noncommunicable Diseases in Arab Countries
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Noncommunicable Diseases in Arab Countries
	5.3 Risk Factors
		5.3.1 Blood Pressure
		5.3.2 Obesity
		5.3.3 Smoking
		5.3.4 Physical Inactivity
	5.4 Social Determinants of Health and Multimorbidity
	5.5 Conclusion
	References
6 Magnitude of Overweight, Obesity  and Physical Inactivity as Risk Factors  of Major Non-communicable Diseases  in North African Countries
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Overweight and Obesity
		6.2.1 Definitions
		6.2.2 Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in North African Countries
	6.3 Physical Activity
		6.3.1 Definitions
		6.3.2 Health Benefits of Physical Activity
		6.3.3 Prevalence of Physical Inactivity in North African Countries
	6.4 Conclusions and Perspectives
	References
7 Herbal Medicine in Chronic Diseases Treatment: Determinants, Benefits and Risks
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Herbal Medicine in the Treatment of Chronic Diseases
	7.3 Demographic and Socio-economic Characteristics  of Medicinal Plants Users
	7.4 Reasons Behind Herbal Medicine\'s Adoption
	7.5 Pharmacological Properties of Medicinal Plants:  Case of Antidiabetic Plants
	7.6 Risks Related to the Traditional Use of Plants
	7.7 Conclusion
	References
8 Artificial Intelligence in Oncology
	8.1 A Brief Presentation of Cancer
	8.2 The Pre ll Artificial Intelligence Period gg
	8.3 The Current Applications of AI and Futures Trends
		8.3.1 Precision Medicine
		8.3.2 Screening in Oncology
		8.3.3 Surgery
		8.3.4 Radiotherapy
	8.4 Conclusion
	References
9 State of Three Parasitic Diseases  in Morocco: Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Leishmaniasis
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Malaria
	9.3 Schistosomiasis
	9.4 Leishmaniasis
	9.5 Conclusion
	References
Part II Mathematical Modelling and Epidemiological Studies
10 Global Properties of a Diffusive HBV Infection Model with Cell-to-Cell Transmission and Three Distributed Delays
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Well-Posedness and Equilibria
	10.3 Global Stability
	10.4 Application
	10.5 Conclusion
	References
11 Discrete Mathematical Modeling  and Analysis of Tumor Therapy
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Mathematical Model (the Modified Prey Predator Model)
	11.3 Boundedness of Solutions
	11.4 Equilibrium Points
	11.5 Local Stability Analysis of Equilibrium Points
		11.5.1 Stability Analysis of E0
		11.5.2 Stability Analysis of E1
		11.5.3 Stability Analysis of E2
		11.5.4 Stability Analysis of E3
	11.6 Global Stability of Interior Equilibrium Point
	11.7 Numerical Simulation
	References
12 A Model of Dengue Fever with Control
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 First Epidemic
		12.2.1 Formulation of the Model and Stability Analysis
	12.3 Second Epidemic
		12.3.1 Analysis of the Optimal Control Problem
	12.4 Numerical Simulation
	12.5 Conclusion
	References
13 Numerical Treatment of Multidimensional Stochastic, Competitive and Evolutionary Models
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Stochastic Model for Prebiotic Evolution
	13.3 Itô Taylor Scheme for Multi-dimensional Stochastic Systems
		13.3.1 Higher Order Itô-Formula for Stochastic Differentiation
		13.3.2 Multi-indices for Stochastic Integration
		13.3.3 Stochastic Multiple Itô-Integrals
		13.3.4 Itô-Taylor Schemes for Systems Driven by One Noise
	13.4 Numerical SDE and SDES Examples
		13.4.1 A Stochastic Linear Equation
		13.4.2 A Stochastic Linear System
		13.4.3 Numerical Solution of the Stochastic Prebiotic System
	References
14 A Review of Compartmental Mathematical Models Used in Diabetology
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Discrete Compartmental Models
	14.3 Continuous Compartmental Models Using Partial Differential Equations (Age Structure)
	14.4 Continuous Compartmental Models Using Ordinary Differential Equations
	14.5 Compartmental Modelling with Optimal Control
	14.6 Fractional-Order Model
	14.7 Stochastic Compartmental Models
	14.8 Other Compartmental Models
	References
15 A Mathematical Model on Glucose Homeostasis in Type 1 Diabetes
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Method
	15.3 Results
		15.3.1 Equilibrium Points
		15.3.2 Local Stability Analysis
		15.3.3 Simulations
	15.4 Conclusion
	References
16 Fuzzy Logic for the Stochastic Operating Theater Optimization: A Review
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Fuzzy Logic
		16.2.1 Fuzzy Variable
		16.2.2 Fuzzy Set (Value)
		16.2.3 Crisp Set Verus Fuzzy Set
		16.2.4 Fuzzy Relations
		16.2.5 Fuzzy Rules
		16.2.6 Linguistic Variables
		16.2.7 Membership Functions
	16.3 Fuzzy Inference System (FIS)
	16.4 Motives to Apply Fuzzy Logic in the Operating Theater Management
		16.4.1 Surgeries Duration
		16.4.2 Surgeries Due Dates
	16.5 Fuzzy Operating Theater Problems Complexity
	16.6 Fuzzy Operating Theater Optimization: A Literature Review
	16.7 Conclusion
	References