Discourse and Perspective in Cognitive Linguistics

Cover......Page 1
DISCOURSE AND PERSPECTIVE IN COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS......Page 2
Editorial page......Page 3
Title page......Page 4
Copyright page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
Acknowledgements......Page 8
Cognition, Perspective, and Modality in Discourse......Page 10
Metaphors and Metonymy in Discourse......Page 12
Correlates of Discourse Structure......Page 14
I. COGNITION, PERSPECTIVE, ANDMODALITY IN DISCOURSE......Page 16
1. Introduction......Page 18
2. Theoretical Framework: Grammaticalization Theory......Page 19
3.1. Intonational and syntactic characteristics......Page 21
3.2. Pragmatic characteristics......Page 23
4.1. English......Page 25
4.2. German......Page 26
4.3. Romance languages......Page 27
5. Grammaticalization in Tag Questions......Page 28
6. Form-use Mappings for Tag-Questions......Page 30
Endnotes......Page 31
References......Page 32
0. Introduction......Page 36
1. The Grounding Dynamics of Cognitive Theories of Language......Page 38
2. Interpellation......Page 39
3. An Overview of Cognitive Grammar......Page 40
4. Toward a Socio-Cognitive Theory of Reference......Page 42
References......Page 50
Data sources......Page 51
1.1. Even: \'procedure\' and \'non-truth-conditional\'......Page 52
1.2. Some problems with previous analyses of even......Page 53
1.3.2. Problems with \'informativeness\'......Page 54
2. A Relevance-Theoretic Account of even/sae/sura/mo......Page 55
2.1. Even as a constraint on contextual assumptions......Page 56
2.1.2. Japanese particles: sae/sura/mo......Page 57
2.2.1. English particle: even......Page 58
2.2.2. Japanese particles: sae/sura/mo......Page 59
2.3. Even, sae/sura/mo and constraints on implicatures, and parallel processing......Page 60
2.3.1.3. Backwards confirmation......Page 61
2.3.2. Japanese particles: sae/sura/mo......Page 62
3.1.3. Other uses of even......Page 64
3.1.4.2. Even and contextual assumptions......Page 66
3.1.5. Processing effort and implicit even......Page 67
3.2.3. Sae/sura/mo and pseudo-imperatives......Page 68
3.2.4. Direction of processing and two particles sae, mo......Page 69
3.3. Others: te+molde+mo ni/+mo/no+mo/to+mo/made+mo......Page 70
4. Conclusion......Page 71
Endnotes......Page 72
References......Page 73
1. Introduction......Page 76
1.1. Depth of intention......Page 77
1.2. Agreement and disagreement......Page 79
1.3. Semantic uncertainty and situation-relative equivalence of cognitive content......Page 80
1.4. Terminology and definitions......Page 82
2. The Experiment......Page 84
2.1. Annotated analysis of an excerpt......Page 86
2.2. A network analysis of the excerpt......Page 94
3. Discussion and Conclusions......Page 96
References......Page 97
1. Introduction......Page 100
2. Cognitive Representation of Subjectivity and Perspective in Discourse......Page 101
2.1. Perspectivization......Page 103
2.2. Subjectification......Page 106
2.3. Cognitive representation of perspective and subjectification in terms of discourse domains......Page 108
3.1. Perspectivization and subjectification in deontic and epistemic modality......Page 111
3.2. Subjectivity in deontic modals......Page 114
3.3. Subjectivity in epistemic modals......Page 117
4. Conclusions......Page 120
Endnotes......Page 123
References......Page 125
II. METAPHORS AND METONYMY IN DISCOURSE......Page 128
1. Introduction: Metaphor in Cognitive Semantics......Page 130
3. The PATH Metaphor......Page 133
4. The HEALTH Metaphor......Page 138
5. The WAR Metaphor......Page 140
6. Frequencies and Contrastive Observations......Page 141
7. Conclusions and Perspectives......Page 142
References......Page 143
(1) Intellectual & Conversational Travel Through Terrain (Salmond 1982; Sweetser 1992)......Page 146
Relationships Between Thinker & Thoughts......Page 147
2.1. Propositional Distance: Distance of a proposition from the truth......Page 148
2.2. Personal Distance: Distance of a thinker from the subject matter......Page 151
Acknowledgments......Page 159
Endnotes......Page 160
References......Page 162
1. Introduction......Page 164
2.1. Problemsolving and analogical reasoning......Page 165
2.2. Perspective, turn-taking and aspect use......Page 166
2.3. Shared knowledge and metaphor......Page 168
2.4.1. Pragmatic operations: initiative and response......Page 169
Re-introduction of a metaphor......Page 170
2.4.2. Semantic operations: expansion and adaptation......Page 171
The adaptation operations......Page 172
2.4.3. Metaphor models in verbal interaction - units of pragmatic and semantic operations......Page 173
First section: previously introduced metaphor models......Page 174
3.3.1. Research in context......Page 175
3.3.2. Case study 1: Incorrect proteins - to repeat a grade or to be discarded in the garbage bin......Page 177
3.3.2. Case study 2: Talking raft or tube roller factory - how viral proteins find each other in the cell......Page 178
3.3.3. Case study 3: The infected cell - an infiltrated company......Page 181
3.4. Metaphorical reasoning in scientific journalism (case studies 4-5)......Page 183
3.4.1.1. Case study 4: Settle down - The pickaxes and shovels of the black fungi......Page 185
3.4.2.1. Case study 5: Stop making sense! - on textual medicine......Page 188
4. Conclusion......Page 194
References......Page 195
1. Introduction: CYBERSPACE and the CYBERFUTURE......Page 200
2. The Difference between CYBERSPACE and the CYBER-FUTURE......Page 201
3. Mapping the INFORMATION HIGHWAY......Page 203
4. Metaphorical Reasoning and Social Policy: How Metaphorical Inferences Work......Page 206
5. Conceptual Blending on the Information Highway: Gore\'s Vision of the Cyberfuture......Page 210
6. Policing the Infobahn: Cybercrime from Software Piracy to Criminal Bureaucrats......Page 213
7. Conclusion......Page 217
References......Page 219
1. Introduction......Page 220
2. The Action Scenario......Page 222
You can VP......Page 224
Can I VP......Page 225
I want (NP) to VP/I want NP......Page 227
Ability to perform an action for a linguistic action......Page 228
4.2. Some general metonymies......Page 229
Ability for present/future action......Page 230
Result for action......Page 231
5. Conclusion......Page 232
Endnotes......Page 233
References......Page 234
III. CORRELATES OF DISCOURSE STRUCTURE......Page 236
2. Focus of Attention and Intonation Units......Page 238
3· Analyses of two Discourse Passages......Page 239
4. First Analysis: Focus Movements over an Abstract Drawing......Page 240
5. Focus Movements......Page 246
6. Linguistic Markers for Transitions between Attention Focuses......Page 247
7. Second Analysis: Focus Movements and the Reconstruction of the Listener\'s Internal Image......Page 249
7.1. Intonation unit (1)......Page 250
7.2. Intonation units (2)-(9)......Page 252
8. Discussion......Page 257
Appendix II......Page 258
References......Page 260
1. Introduction......Page 262
2. Cognitive Rhythms in Monologues......Page 263
3. PISA and the Hierarchical Structure of Discourse......Page 265
3.1. PISA: A procedural account of hierarchical structure......Page 266
3.2. From clauses to tree structure......Page 267
3.3. The cognitive interpretation of PISA-structures......Page 268
4. Structure and Processing Characteristics in Discourse Production......Page 269
4.1. The hierarchical structure of judicial letters......Page 270
4.2. Pause patterns and hierarchical structure......Page 271
4.3. An experiment......Page 272
5. Conclusion......Page 277
Appendix......Page 278
Notes......Page 279
References......Page 280
SUBJECT INDEX......Page 284
List of Contributors......Page 288