Disaster Risk and Management Under Climate Change (Disaster Resilience and Green Growth)

Message
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgement
Contents
About the Editors
Part I: Overview and Major Climatic Disasters
	Chapter 1: Climate Change: Extremes, Disasters and Call for Resilient Development
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Present Scenario
			1.2.1 Climate Change and Disasters
			1.2.2 Concept of Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation
			1.2.3 Early Warning Systems and Risk Communication
				1.2.3.1 Call for Resilience
		1.3 International Policy Framework
			1.3.1 SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals)
			1.3.2 Paris Agreement on Climate Change at COP21
			1.3.3 Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR)
			1.3.4 United Nations Conventions to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) 2018-2030 Strategic Framework
		1.4 National Policy Frameworks
			1.4.1 Implementing the International Climate Change and Disaster Frameworks in India
			1.4.2 National Policy Framework on CCA and DRR
				1.4.2.1 National Policy on Disaster Management
				1.4.2.2 National Action Plan on Climate Change
					National Solar Mission
					National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE)
					National Mission on Sustainable Habitat
					National Water Mission
					National Mission for Green India
					National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem
					National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture
					National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change
					National Health Mission (NHM)
					National Wind Energy Mission
				1.4.2.3 Waste to Energy Mission
				1.4.2.4 National Coastal Mission
			1.4.3 State Action Plan on Climate Change
		1.5 Way Towards Sustainable Development
			1.5.1 Climate Adaptive Development and Mitigation
			1.5.2 GHG Mitigation
			1.5.3 DRR and Resilient Development
			1.5.4 Land-Use Planning
			1.5.5 Environment, Climate and Disaster Risk Reduction Policy Tools
			1.5.6 Resilient Agriculture
			1.5.7 Water-Sanitation and Environmental Health
			1.5.8 Disaster Risk Reduction, Relief and Recovery
			1.5.9 Mainstreaming CCA-DRR into development
			1.5.10 Legal Policy Framework for Disaster Management
				1.5.10.1 Governance Structure
					Environment and Natural Resources Laws in DRR
		1.6 Conclusion and Way Forward
		References
	Chapter 2: Evolution of Disaster Risk Reduction Systems in India
		2.1 Introduction
			2.1.1 Understanding of Disaster and Vulnerability
		2.2 Significance and Concept
			2.2.1 United Nations-International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (UN-IDNDR)
		2.3 Strategies and Management
			2.3.1 India´s Response to Disaster Risk Reduction: Prior to National Disaster Management Act, 2005
			2.3.2 National Disaster Management Act and National Disaster Management Policy
			2.3.3 Post IDNDR: Hyogo and Sendai Frameworks: An Integrated Approach
		2.4 Conclusion and Way Forward
			2.4.1 Emerging Issues: Ways Forward for Disaster Management Systems in the India
		References
	Chapter 3: Climate and Weather Forewarning Systems for Disaster Preparedness and Response
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Present Scenario
			3.2.1 Climatology and Variability of Weather Extremes
			3.2.2 Temperature
			3.2.3 Heat/Cold Waves
			3.2.4 Rainfall and Floods
			3.2.5 Tropical Cyclones
			3.2.6 Thunderstorms, Hailstorms, Squall and Lightning
			3.2.7 Cloudbursts
		3.3 Significance and Concept
			3.3.1 Weather Forecasting and Warning Services of IMD
			3.3.2 Monitoring Process
		3.4 Strategies and Management
			3.4.1 Forecasting System
			3.4.2 Medium Range Forecast
			3.4.3 Short Range Forecast
			3.4.4 Decision Support System (DSS)
			3.4.5 Warning System of IMD
			3.4.6 Cyclone Warning System
			3.4.7 Thunderstorm/Dust Storm/Lightning Warning
			3.4.8 Heavy Rainfall and Flood Warning
			3.4.9 Heat and Cold Waves
			3.4.10 Fog
		3.5 Warning Dissemination Mechanism
		3.6 Gap Areas
		3.7 Conclusion and Way Forward
		References
	Chapter 4: Community Based Issues and Opportunities in Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Present Scenario
		4.3 Significance and Concept
			4.3.1 Community-Based Adaptation
			4.3.2 Ecosystem Links to Community Adaptation
			4.3.3 Faith Is Part of Community Adaptive Capacity
			4.3.4 Women´s Adaptive Capacity Is a Key to Deal with Climate Crisis
		4.4 Strategies and Management
			4.4.1 Community-Based Disaster Preparedness (CBDP), a Planned and Institutionalized Adaptation Approach
		4.5 Conclusion
		4.6 Way Forward
		References
	Chapter 5: Flood Management: Present Practices and Future Revisions Under Climate Change
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Present Scenario
			5.2.1 Global Trends
			5.2.2 Flood Issues and Existing Flood Management Mechanisms in India
			5.2.3 State Level Mechanism
			5.2.4 Central Government Mechanism
				5.2.4.1 Central Water Commission (CWC)
				5.2.4.2 Brahmaputra’Board
				5.2.4.3 Ganga Flood Control Commission
				5.2.4.4 Farakka Barrage Project Authority
				5.2.4.5 National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)
				5.2.4.6 National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)
		5.3 Government’s Initiatives and Policies on Floods
		5.4 Need of Revised Flood Management Practices
		5.5 Causes and Drivers
			5.5.1 Indian River Systems and Associated Flood Problems
			5.5.2 Brahmaputra River Region
			5.5.3 Ganga River Region
			5.5.4 North West River Region
			5.5.5 Central India and Deccan Region
		5.6 Flood Management Measures
			5.6.1 Engineering/Structural Measures
				5.6.1.1 Reservoirs
				5.6.1.2 Detention Basins
				5.6.1.3 Embankments
				5.6.1.4 Channelization of Rivers
				5.6.1.5 Channel Improvement
				5.6.1.6 Drainage Improvement
				5.6.1.7 Diversion of Flood Waters
				5.6.1.8 Watershed Management
				5.6.1.9 Interlinking of Rivers
			5.6.2 Administrative/Non-structural Measures
				5.6.2.1 Flood Plain Zoning
				5.6.2.2 Flood Modelling
				5.6.2.3 Design Flood Estimation
		5.7 Case Studies: Impact of Climate Change on Flood/Flood Management
		5.8 Conclusions
		5.9 Way Forward
		References
	Chapter 6: Drought Disaster: Issues, Challenges and Risk Mitigation Strategies
		6.1 Introduction
			6.1.1 Definition and Typology of Drought
		6.2 Present Scenario
			6.2.1 Global Scenario
			6.2.2 National Scenario
			6.2.3 Causes of Drought
				6.2.3.1 Deficiency of Rainfall (Hazard)
				6.2.3.2 Increase Temperature
				6.2.3.3 Changes in Weather and Air Circulation
				6.2.3.4 Unsustainable Agricultural and Land Use Practices
				6.2.3.5 Timing of Water
		6.3 Vulnerability Factors and Impacts
			6.3.1 Vulnerability Factors
				6.3.1.1 Physical Vulnerability
				6.3.1.2 Socio-Economic Vulnerability
				6.3.1.3 Environmental Vulnerability
				6.3.1.4 Institutional Vulnerability
			6.3.2 Impacts of Drought in India
		6.4 Mitigation and Management
			6.4.1 Policy Framework
				6.4.1.1 International Framework
					United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)-1994
					United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change -1992
					Convention on Biodiversity
				6.4.1.2 National Policies
					National Disaster Management Guidelines for Drought
					National Forest Policy, 1988
					National Water Policy, 2012
					National Agricultural Policy 2000
					National Environment Policy 2006
					National Action Plan for Climate Change Adaptation
			6.4.2 Structural and Non-structural Mitigation Measures
				6.4.2.1 Water Conservation and Judicious Use of Surface and Ground Water
				6.4.2.2 Water Conservation, Storage Structures and Management
				6.4.2.3 Cloud Seeding in Drought Prone Regions of India
				6.4.2.4 Micro Irrigation Systems
				6.4.2.5 Post-harvest Management
				6.4.2.6 Drought Forecasting and Early Warning Systems
				6.4.2.7 Crop Insurance
		6.5 Drought Vulnerability and Mitigation Analysis Framework: Bundelkhand Case Study
		6.6 Mainstreaming Drought Risk Reduction by Convergence
		6.7 Conclusion
		6.8 Way Forward
		References
	Chapter 7: Cyclone Disaster Mitigation and Management in India: An Overview
		7.1 Introduction
			7.1.1 Tropical Cyclones
		7.2 Present Scenario
			7.2.1 Global Trends
			7.2.2 National Level
		7.3 Classification of Tropical Cyclones
			7.3.1 Classification of Cyclone Prone Areas of India
			7.3.2 Cyclone Occurrence Map of India
		7.4 Damage Assessment of Buildings
		7.5 Cyclone Risk: Mitigation Measures
			7.5.1 Early Warning System
			7.5.2 Community-Based Cyclonic Risk Management
			7.5.3 Relevant IS Codes
			7.5.4 National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP)
			7.5.5 Role of Shelterbelts; Mangroves and Buffer Zone: Coral Reef in Cyclone Disaster Mitigation
			7.5.6 Coastal Regulation Zone
			7.5.7 Classifications of Coastal Zones
			7.5.8 Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project (ICZMP)
		7.6 Case Study: Cyclone Fani
			7.6.1 Disaster: Effects and Impact
			7.6.2 Preparedness
			7.6.3 Relief and Rescue Operations
			7.6.4 Reasons for Successful Management of FANI
				7.6.4.1 Early Warning System (EWS)
				7.6.4.2 Cyclone Shelters
				7.6.4.3 Proper Communication Plan
				7.6.4.4 Community Participation and Proper Co-ordination of Various Agencies
		7.7 Conclusion and Way Forward
		References
	Chapter 8: Heat Wave Disaster Risk Management Action Planning: Experience and Lessons
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Present Scenario
		8.3 Significance and Concept
		8.4 Impacts
		8.5 Strategies and Management
			8.5.1 Management of Heat Waves
			8.5.2 International Experience with Heat Wave Management
		8.6 Case Study: India´s Experience on Heat Wave Management
		8.7 Heat Action Planning Framework
		8.8 Way Forward
			8.8.1 Short Term (0-5 Years)
			8.8.2 Medium Term (10-30 Years)
			8.8.3 Long Term (30+ Years)
		8.9 Implementable Actions for Future
			8.9.1 Urban Heat Island (UHI)
			8.9.2 Creating Cool Environments with Green Spaces
			8.9.3 Insulation
		8.10 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 9: Impact of Climate Change on Forest Fires in India and Climate Adaptive Management Strategies
		9.1 Introduction
			9.1.1 Forest Cover, Types of Forest Fire and its Impacts
			9.1.2 Global Scenario
			9.1.3 Asian Scenario
				9.1.3.1 Indonesian Forest Fire
			9.1.4 Impact of Climate Change on Forest Fire and Vice Versa
			9.1.5 Impact of Climate Change on Himalayan Forests
			9.1.6 Impact of Climate Change on Western Ghats´ Forests
		9.2 Impacts of Forest Fire in India
			9.2.1 Damage Assessment
			9.2.2 Impact on Livelihood
			9.2.3 Fire Environment
		9.3 Current Plans, Policies and Practices for Forest Fire Management
			9.3.1 Fire Risk Management
			9.3.2 Prevention of Forest Fires
				9.3.2.1 Awareness and Sensitization
				9.3.2.2 Empowering Communities for Practicing their Responsibilities
				9.3.2.3 Capacity Building of the Communities
				9.3.2.4 Resilience Building
				9.3.2.5 Preparedness to Fight the Forest Fire
				9.3.2.6 Controlling and Management of Fire Situations
			9.3.3 Post Fire Management
		9.4 Case Studies
			9.4.1 Uttarakhand Forest Fire 2016
			9.4.2 Australian Bush Fire
		9.5 Climate Change Adaptation and Forest Fire Mitigation: A Way Forward
		References
Part II: Thematic and Cross-cutting Issues
	Chapter 10: Climate Resilient Infrastructure in Developing Countries
		10.1 Introduction
			10.1.1 Infrastructure Is Imperative for Development
			10.1.2 Cities Engines of Economic Growth or Centres of Environmental Disasters
		10.2 Growing Urban Population and Rapid Increase in Number of Urban Centres Are Driving Infrastructure Development
		10.3 Vulnerabilities and Impacts
			10.3.1 Growing Cities and Also at Growing Risks to Climate Change
			10.3.2 Climate Change Will Severely Impact Urban Infrastructure
		10.4 Addressing Climate Vulnerability to Urban Infrastructure
		10.5 Resilience of Urban Infrastructure
		10.6 A Discussion on Best Practices and Implementation Examples for Resilient Infrastructure
		10.7 Challenges in Building Resilient Infrastructure
		10.8 Conclusion and Way Forward
			10.8.1 Policy Implications and Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 11: Climate Change Adaptation in Industrial Areas for Disaster Resilience
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Risks for Industries and Industrial Parks from Climate Change
			11.2.1 Availability of Natural Resources
			11.2.2 Work Productivity
			11.2.3 Buildings and Infrastructure
			11.2.4 Energy Requirement
			11.2.5 Transportation and Logistics Operation
			11.2.6 Risk from Natural Disasters
		11.3 Risk Assessment
		11.4 Eco-Industrial Park
			11.4.1 Passive Designs for Industrial Parks
				11.4.1.1 Orientation
				11.4.1.2 Overhangs and Shading
				11.4.1.3 Insulations
				11.4.1.4 Windows
				11.4.1.5 Thermal Mass
			11.4.2 Infrastructure of Industrial Parks
				11.4.2.1 Transportation
				11.4.2.2 Parking
				11.4.2.3 Common Infrastructure Services
				11.4.2.4 Energy/Power Supply
				11.4.2.5 Water Management
				11.4.2.6 Plantation and Landscaping
		11.5 Climate Change Adaptation for Industries
			11.5.1 Case Studies
				11.5.1.1 Case Study 1: Andhra Pradesh and Telangana
				11.5.1.2 Case Study 2: Gujarat
			11.5.2 Adaptation Planning
				11.5.2.1 High Wind Resistance
				11.5.2.2 Protection of Infrastructure
				11.5.2.3 Planning Storm Surge Responsiveness
				11.5.2.4 Reduction of Soil Erosion
				11.5.2.5 Prevention from Flood Water
				11.5.2.6 Ensuring Appropriate Site for Industrial Parks
				11.5.2.7 Cooling the Urban Realm
				11.5.2.8 Cooling of Buildings
				11.5.2.9 Management of Water Stress
				11.5.2.10 Planning for Resilient Infrastructure
			11.5.3 CCA Measures
				11.5.3.1 Adaptation Measures for Floods
					Suitable Site Selection for Industrial Parks and Their Overall Layout
					Constructed Barriers
					Road Maintenance
					Permeable Surface for Water Infiltration
					Electrical Facilities
					Drainage Facilities
					Buildings
					Doors and Windows
					Evacuation
				11.5.3.2 Adaptation Measures for Cyclones/Storms
					Suitable Site Selection for Industrial Parks and Their Overall Layout
					Vegetation Cover
						Orientation and Shape
						Buildings
						Doors and Windows
						Evacuation
			11.5.4 Adaptation Measures for Droughts and Heat Waves
				11.5.4.1 Green Corridor, Vegetation and Artificial Shading
				11.5.4.2 Orientation
				11.5.4.3 Building to Building Shading
				11.5.4.4 Open Water and Water Features
				11.5.4.5 Light Coloured and Reflective Paving Materials
				11.5.4.6 Compact Building
			11.5.5 Cost-Benefit Analysis
			11.5.6 Funding of Engineering Measures
			11.5.7 Raising Awareness on Adaptation
			11.5.8 Monitoring and Evaluation
		11.6 Role of NAPCC and SAPCC in Building Climate Resilient Industrial Park
		11.7 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 12: Managing Disaster Waste in the Aftermath of Emergencies: Addressing Future Climate Risk-Integrating Adaptation
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Disaster Waste and Climate Change
			12.2.1 What Is Disaster Waste (DW)?
		12.3 Vulnerability and Impacts
			12.3.1 Impacts of Disaster Debris
			12.3.2 Common Risks by Disaster Waste Hazard Type
				12.3.2.1 Chemical Risks
				12.3.2.2 Biological Risks
				12.3.2.3 Physical Risks
				12.3.2.4 Local Environmental Risks
		12.4 Mitigation and Management
			12.4.1 Post Disaster Waste Management
		12.5 Case Study
			12.5.1 26 December 2004: Indian Ocean Tsunami
			12.5.2 Solid Waste Management in the Affected Area of Thailand Post Tsunami 2004
		12.6 Management of Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW)
			12.6.1 Infectious Wastes Management
			12.6.2 Recovery of Ship Vessels and Debris from the Ocean
			12.6.3 Recycling Activities
			12.6.4 Cost Involved in Solid Waste Management
			12.6.5 Post Tsunami 2011 Disaster Waste Management at Japan
			12.6.6 International Environmental Emergency Response System/Tools
		12.7 Conclusion
		12.8 Way Forward
		References
	Chapter 13: Climate Resilient Healthcare System in India
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Health Sector Vulnerability
		13.3 Developing National Health Adaptation Plan
		References
	Chapter 14: WATSAN and Public Health in Hydro-Climatic Disasters
		14.1 Introduction
			14.1.1 Climate Change and Hydroclimatic Disasters
			14.1.2 Public Health and Hydroclimatic Disasters
		14.2 WATSAN and Disaster Mitigation
			14.2.1 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Interventions in Emergency Context
			14.2.2 Water & Sanitation for Emergency Shelters
		14.3 Vulnerability & Impacts
			14.3.1 Health Conditions Associated with Disasters
			14.3.2 Hydroclimatic Disasters and Communicable Diseases
			14.3.3 Other Health Conditions
		14.4 Mitigation & Management
			14.4.1 Prevention of Communicable Diseases
			14.4.2 Pre-Disaster Phase
			14.4.3 Post-Disaster Phase
			14.4.4 Health Facilities During Disasters
		14.5 Conclusion and Way Forward
		References
	Chapter 15: Understanding Water-Energy-Food Nexus in Urban Ecosystem for Resilience to Climate Risks
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Vulnerability and Impacts
			15.2.1 Drivers to Integrate Water, Energy and Food: Key Challenges
				15.2.1.1 Rising Population
				15.2.1.2 Urbanization
				15.2.1.3 Increasing Prosperity and Change in Dietary Habit
		15.3 Case Study of Gurugram: A Study at Micro Level
		15.4 Mitigation and Management
			15.4.1 From Master Plan to Integrated Development of Cities
			15.4.2 Sustainable Food Consumption
			15.4.3 Governance, Institutions and Integrated Policy Approach
			15.4.4 Green Economy Approach
			15.4.5 Ecosystem Approach
		15.5 Conclusion and Way Forward
		References
	Chapter 16: Water Governance Transitions Pathway: Adaptive Water Governance
		16.1 Introduction
			16.1.1 Water Governance Transition: Adaptive Systems
		16.2 Operationalization & Key Features of Adaptive Water Governance
		16.3 Management Strategies
			16.3.1 Characteristics of Adaptive Water Governance: Indian Context
			16.3.2 Institutional Arrangement of Adaptive Water Governance
		16.4 Conclusion
			16.4.1 Water Transition in India: Towards an Adaptive Water Governance System
		16.5 Way Forward
		References
	Chapter 17: NbS Interventions as Tool for Urban Climate Resilience: A Case Study of Peri-Urban Ecosystem in Noida
		17.1 Introduction
			17.1.1 Global Scenario
		17.2 Background
			17.2.1 Impacts of Urbanization on Noida
			17.2.2 Eco-System Based Approaches
			17.2.3 Existing Practices of EBA on Study Sites
		17.3 Resilient Urban Development Through Peri-Urban Ecosystem
			17.3.1 Nature Based Solutions for Urban Resilience
				17.3.1.1 NbS and SDG Agenda 2030
				17.3.1.2 Applied Examples of NbS
		17.4 Results
			17.4.1 Categorization of the Questionnaire Results (Table 17.2)
			17.4.2 Addressing Urban Societal Challenges
				17.4.2.1 Air Quality
				17.4.2.2 Increased Temperature/Heat Waves
				17.4.2.3 Water Management/Extreme Rainfall Events
				17.4.2.4 Green Space Management (Enhancing/Conserving Biodiversity)
			17.4.3 Blue Green Infrastructure as NbS Intervention for Noida
				17.4.3.1 Applied Example
			17.4.4 Social, Economic and Environmental Co-Benefits from the Suggested Nature Based Solutions (Table 17.3)
			17.4.5 Technical Barriers and Knowledge Gaps for NbS Implementation
		17.5 Discussion
		References
	Chapter 18: Equity and Fairness in Community Based Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 Vulnerability and Impacts
			18.2.1 Different Definitions of Equity and Fairness
			18.2.2 Significance of Equity and Fairness
		18.3 Mitigation and Management
			18.3.1 Firstly, a Fair Procedure Is Required for Equal Outcome of CBA
			18.3.2 Secondly, Scope of Information Provided for Stakeholders Is Also a Key to Promote E & F
			18.3.3 Equity and Fairness in CBA: Current Evidence
				18.3.3.1 In What Aspects CBA Helped in Achieving E and F
				18.3.3.2 In What Aspects CBA Failed and Why?
		18.4 Possible Indicators of E and F in the Context of CBA
		18.5 Ensuring Equity and Fairness
		18.6 Conclusions
		18.7 Way Forward
		References
	Chapter 19: Gender and Climate Sensitive Disaster Risk Management
		19.1 Introduction
			19.1.1 Climate Change and Disasters
			19.1.2 Linkage Between Gender and Climate Sensitive Disaster Risk Management
		19.2 Vulnerability and Impacts
			19.2.1 Differential Impact of Disasters on Women and Men
			19.2.2 Vulnerability to Capacity Building
		19.3 Conclusion and Way Forward
		References
	Chapter 20: Climate Change Impact on Landuse and Livelihood in Sundarbans: A Case Study of Sagar Island
		20.1 Background
			20.1.1 Satellite Data Collection and Rainfall Data Collection
			20.1.2 Land Use Land Cover Map
				20.1.2.1 Accuracy Assessment of LULC Classes
				20.1.2.2 Shoreline Change Detection and Mapping of Water Occurrence Change Intensity
			20.1.3 Field Data Collection
			20.1.4 Causal Loop Diagram
		20.2 The Geographical Change
			20.2.1 Shoreline Change Detection
			20.2.2 Water Occurrence Change Intensity and Shoreline Configuration along the Coast of Surveyed Mouzas (1990–2022)
			20.2.3 Land Use and Land Cover Change
				20.2.3.1 Accuracy Assessment of LULC Map of 2022
		20.3 Change in the Livelihood
			20.3.1 Causal Loop Diagram for Impact Analysis
		20.4 Adaptive Strategies
		20.5 Conclusion
		References
Part III: Tools and Strategies
	Chapter 21: Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in EIA/SEA for Climate and Disaster Resilient Development
		21.1 Introduction
			21.1.1 Paradigm Shift to EcoDRR
			21.1.2 Incorporating Climate and Disaster Resilience into Environmental Appraisal Process
		21.2 Rationale and Need
		21.3 Incorporating DRR in Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)
			21.3.1 Concept & Framework
		21.4 Applying EIAs in Dealing with Climate Related Disasters
		21.5 EIAs in Post-Disaster Relief and Recovery
			21.5.1 Strategies & Gaps
		21.6 Opportunity & Approaches
		21.7 Conclusion
		21.8 Way Forward
		References
	Chapter 22: Climate Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction Integration through Environmental Legislation in India
		22.1 Introduction
		22.2 Rationale and Need for Policies and Laws for Disaster Management
			22.2.1 Concepts and Framework of Environmental Law in DRR and CCA
			22.2.2 Constitutional Provisions
				22.2.2.1 Common Laws
				22.2.2.2 Statutory Laws, Rules and Notifications
				22.2.2.3 Acts
					Indian Forest Act, 1927
					The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980
					Forest Rights Act, 2006 (Ministry of Tribal Affairs)
					Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
					The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
					The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
					Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
					Disaster Management Act 2005
					National Green Tribunal Act, 2010
					The Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Bill, 2011
					Environment (Sitting for Industrial Projects) Rules, 1999
					Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017
					Plastic Waste (Management and Handling) (Amendment) Rules, 2018
				22.2.2.4 Notifications
					Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification (Revised in 2016)
					EIA Notification 1994 (Revised 2006)
		22.3 Opportunity and Approaches
			22.3.1 Category: Flood
				22.3.1.1 The Water Act, 1974
					Pre-Disaster
					During Disaster
					Post Disaster
				22.3.1.2 The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980
					Pre-Disaster
				22.3.1.3 Wetlands (Conservation and Management), Rules), 2010
					Pre-Disaster
					During Disaster
					Post Disaster
			22.3.2 Category: Cyclone
				22.3.2.1 Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 2011
					Pre-Disaster
					Post Disaster
			22.3.3 Category: Landslides
				22.3.3.1 Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 2010
					Pre-Disaster
			22.3.4 Category: Earthquakes
				22.3.4.1 Professional Engineers (Amendment) Act, 2012
					Pre-Disaster
			22.3.5 Category: Drought
				22.3.5.1 Biological Diversity Act, 2002
					Pre-Disaster
			22.3.6 Category: Hazardous Chemicals
				22.3.6.1 Water Act, 1974
					Pre-Disaster
					During Disaster
					Post Disaster
				22.3.6.2 Air Act, 1981
					Pre-Disaster
					Post Disaster
				22.3.6.3 EPA, 1986
					Pre-Disaster
					Post Disaster
				22.3.6.4 The Green Tribunal Act 2010
					Pre-Disaster
					Post Disaster
			22.3.7 Policies
				22.3.7.1 National Level Policies (Fig. 22.1)
					International Environment Laws and Implications
		22.4 Integrated Environment DRR Framework
		22.5 Conclusion and Way Forward
		References
	Chapter 23: Pathways for Integrating Climate-Disaster Resilience into Planning: Scaling Sub-National Studies to National Polic...
		23.1 Introduction
		23.2 Rationale and Need
		23.3 Concept and Framework
			23.3.1 Overall Approach
			23.3.2 Methodology
			23.3.3 First Round SLD
			23.3.4 Second Round SLD
		23.4 Opportunity and Approaches
			23.4.1 Review of Data/Literature
			23.4.2 Key Findings from the Three Cases
				23.4.2.1 Description of Cases: Context and Hazards
					Almora (Uttrakhand)
						Hazard Profile
					Puri (Odisha)
						Hazard Profile
					Gorakhpur (Uttar Pradesh)
						Hazard Profile
						Vulnerabilities, Risks and Capacities across Three Districts
		23.5 Strategy and Gaps
			23.5.1 Fragile Physical Systems
			23.5.2 Fragile Environmental Systems
			23.5.3 Institutional Gaps
			23.5.4 Lack of Capacities of Communities and Departments
				23.5.4.1 Communities
				23.5.4.2 Departments
		23.6 Conclusion and Way Forward
			23.6.1 Zooming Out: Larger and Strategic Implications for State and National Actions
		References
	Chapter 24: Insight for Climate Resilience and District Level Developmental Planning for Disaster Risk Reduction in Himalayas:...
		24.1 Introduction
		24.2 Rationale and Need
		24.3 Impact of Climate Change
			24.3.1 Glacial Retreat
			24.3.2 Agriculture and Vegetation Shift
			24.3.3 Forest Density
			24.3.4 Health
		24.4 Causes
			24.4.1 Dam Constructions
			24.4.2 Forest Fire
			24.4.3 Outmigration
		24.5 Concepts and Framework
			24.5.1 Vulnerability Identification to Climate Change in Uttarakhand
				24.5.1.1 Agriculture
				24.5.1.2 Disaster Management
				24.5.1.3 Energy
				24.5.1.4 Forestry and Biodiversity
				24.5.1.5 Human Health
				24.5.1.6 Livestock and Animal Husbandry
				24.5.1.7 Roads
				24.5.1.8 Urban Development
				24.5.1.9 Water Resources
		24.6 Approaches of Climate Change Adaptation
			24.6.1 Medium to Long-Term Adaptation
			24.6.2 Climate Change Response Mechanisms
			24.6.3 Climate Change Adaptation in Uttarakhand
		24.7 Conclusion and Way Forward
		Annexure
		References
	Chapter 25: Risk Management for Averting, Addressing and Minimizing Climate Related Loss and Damages
		25.1 Introduction
		25.2 Rationale and Need
			25.2.1 Key Discussion Areas for L&D
			25.2.2 Need for a Comprehensive CRM Framework
			25.2.3 Operationalising the Framework
				25.2.3.1 Step 1: Define Status Quo
				25.2.3.2 Step 2: Identify System of Interest
				25.2.3.3 Step 3: Develop Context Specific Methodology
				25.2.3.4 Step 4: Identify Risks
				25.2.3.5 Step 5: Evaluate Risk Tolerance and Limits
				25.2.3.6 Step 6: Identify Feasible Options
		25.3 Approaches for CRM
		25.4 Mainstreaming CRM as Part Climate Change and Disaster Management in India
		25.5 Conclusion and Way Forward
		References
	Chapter 26: Integrating Climatic Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation into Project Management Cycle
		26.1 Introduction
		26.2 Rationale & Need
		26.3 Concept & Framework
		26.4 Strategies & Gaps
		26.5 Opportunity & Approaches
			26.5.1 Marginal Investment Analysis
			26.5.2 Cost Benefit Analysis
			26.5.3 Multi- Purpose Development Projects
			26.5.4 Cost Effectiveness Analysis
			26.5.5 Multi Criteria Analysis
			26.5.6 Disaster Impact Analysis
			26.5.7 Checklists for Disaster Risk Reduction
		26.6 Conclusion and Way Forward
		References
	Chapter 27: Nature Based Solutions for Disaster Risk Reduction: Concepts and Overview
		27.1 Introduction
		27.2 Rationale and Need
		27.3 Concepts and Framework
			27.3.1 Understanding Linkages Disasters, Ecosystems and Society
			27.3.2 Nature-Based Solutions: Addressing Socio-Environmental Challenges
			27.3.3 Nature-Based Solutions (NbS): From Theory to Practice
			27.3.4 Nature Based Solutions (NbS) for Ecosystem Resilience and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)
		27.4 Opportunity and Approaches
			27.4.1 Environmental Engineering, Environmental Restoration, and Forest Landscape Restoration
			27.4.2 Issue Specific Approaches for Ecosystem Conservation
			27.4.3 Natural and Green Infrastructure
			27.4.4 Integrated Management of Coastal Zone and Water Resources
			27.4.5 Area-Based Conservation Including Protected Area Management Approaches
		27.5 Strategies and Gaps
		27.6 Conclusion and Way Forward
		References
			Web References
	Chapter 28: Multi-Hazard Risk and Integrated Approach to Resilience
		28.1 Introduction
			28.1.1 Present Scenario
				28.1.1.1 Current Trends and Challenges
		28.2 Global Good Practices
		28.3 Multi Hazard DRR Approach: Regional Context
		28.4 National Context
		28.5 Partnerships
			28.5.1 Post-Disaster Assistance
			28.5.2 Disaster Risk Financing Instruments
		28.6 Stakeholder Engagement
			28.6.1 Partnerships
		28.7 Way Forward
		References
	Chapter 29: Anticipatory Adaptation Planning: An Inherent Vulnerability Approach to Climate Change and Disaster Resilience
		29.1 Introduction
		29.2 Adaptation
			29.2.1 Defining Adaptation
			29.2.2 Concept of Anticipation
			29.2.3 Anticipatory Adaptation
		29.3 Vulnerability and Vulnerability Assessment Approaches
			29.3.1 Inherent Vulnerability Framework for Anticipatory Adaptation Planning
		29.4 Application of the Proposed Framework: Case Study of Uttarakhand
		29.5 Mainstreaming and Monitoring Anticipatory Adaptation
		29.6 Conclusion and Way Forward
		References
	Chapter 30: Adaptive Planning for Resilience and Sustainability: Lessons from India - Project CAP-RES and Network
		30.1 Contexts of Resilience-DRR to Sustainability
		30.2 Methods and Approaches
		30.3 State of Art
		30.4 Road Ahead
		References
	Chapter 31: Disaster Risk Reduction through Climate Adaptive Development: Strategies and Road Ahead
		31.1 Introduction
		31.2 Climate Resilience through Developmental Plans
		31.3 Journey from Disaster Management to Climate Resilience Development
		31.4 Universal International Frameworks for Climate Resilience Development
			31.4.1 Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR)
			31.4.2 Paris Climate Agreements
			31.4.3 Implementing Sendai Framework in India
		31.5 Linking Climate Change Adaption and Disaster Risk Reduction
		31.6 Tools for Integrating Climate Resilient Plans into Developmental Schemes/Projects
			31.6.1 Legal Policy Framework for Disaster Management
			31.6.2 Environmental and Natural Resource Laws in DRR and Integrating CCA
			31.6.3 Inclusion of DRR into Developmental Schemes and Projects
			31.6.4 Integration of CCA-DRR within Policy-Planning
			31.6.5 Integration of Climate Resilience Plans into Development Plans
				31.6.5.1 Mechanism of Inclusive Climate Resilience Development Plans
					Policy Level
					Planning Level
					Implementation Level
		31.7 Multi-Hazard Scenarios and Sustainable Development Goals
		31.8 Conclusion and Way Forward
		References