Disaster Management and Information Technology: Professional Response and Recovery Management in the Age of Disasters

Foreword
Foreword
	Crisis Information Management Systems from the Perspective of Academic Research
	Introduction to the PAIT Volume on Disaster Management and Information Technology
	References
Contents
Part I CIMS in Emergency Management Practice
	Emergency Management's Journey with Technology
		Emergencies, Disasters, and Catastrophes
		History of Emergency Management
			The Civil Defense Era
			The Beginnings of Emergency Management
		The Technology Odyssey of Emergency Management
		Mobile Technologies
		The Advent of the Internet
		Alert and Warning
		National Warning System (NAWAS)
			Emergency Alert System (EAS)
			Telephone Notification Systems
			Wireless Notification Systems
			IPAWS and WEA
			The Human Part of Warning
		Social Media
		Blogs and Podcasts
		Video Teleconferencing
		Information Management Systems
		Cybersecurity
		Artificial Intelligence and Predictive Systems
		Rapid Damage Assessment
		Professionalization of the Workforce
		Technology Adverse
		Adopting New Technologies Can Be Risky Business
		Data: The Final Frontier
		Seeking Technological Solutions That Work
		Conclusions
	Deploying Modern Technology for Disaster Management Practitioners
		Introduction
		Common Mistakes in Implementing and Managing Modern Technology
		Establishing and Executing a Technology Governance Framework
		Evaluating and Choosing Technology
		Developing a Data Plan
		Managing Technology Deployment
		Developing Standard Operating Procedures
		Implementing a Training and Exercise Regiment
		Monitoring and Measuring Performance
		Conclusion
	Technology and Information Management Supporting Resilience in Healthcare and Rescue Systems
		Introduction
		Resilience, Technology, and Information Management in a Healthcare and Rescue System
		Deploying Digital Technology and Innovations in Practice in a Crisis
		Support and Benefits of IT When Operating During a Crisis: Empirical Insights from Finland
		Conclusions
		References
Part II CIMS Functionalities and Features
	A System for Collaboration and Information Sharing in Disaster Management
		Introduction
		System Architecture
		Access Control
		Catalogue Design
		Conclusion and Future Work
		References
	A Decade of Netcentric Crisis Management: Challenges and Future Development
		Introduction
		The Concept of Netcentric Operations
		Development and Implementation of Netcentric Information Management
			Experimental Development (2007–2009)
			Implementation (2010–2012)
			Netcentric Operations in Use (2013–Current)
		Research Approach
		Five Key Challenges
			Maintaining an Adequate Information Position
			Reluctance to Share Information
			Moving from Information Exchange Toward Collaborative Decision-Making
			Fostering Goal-Directed Collaboration in Larger Response Networks
			Sustaining Collaboration in Protracted Crises and Risk Management
		Future Developments for Research and Practice
			Increasing Connectivity of Netcentric Operations
			Developing an Alternative for Self-Synchronization
			Balancing Information Transparency with Information Superiority
		Conclusion
		References
	Common Operational Picture and Interconnected Tools for Disaster Response: The FASTER Toolkit
		Introduction
		Related Work
			Situational Awareness for Emergency Response
			Heterogeneous Tools in Emergency Response Service
		Architecture
			Communications
			Overall System Architecture
		Tools
			The FASTER Common Operational Picture
			Situational Awareness AR App
			UAV Gesture-Control and Extended Vision App
			UAV Mapping and AI Scene Analysis
			UAV Supply Delivery
			Smart Textile Framework
			MORSE
			Animal Wearable
			Mission Management and Chatbot
		Operational Use Case Scenario
		Field Trials
		Conclusion
		References
	Intelligent Building Evacuation: From Modeling Systems to Behaviors
		Introduction
		Related Work
		An Intelligent Infrastructure for Evacuation
		A Flow Model for Quick Evacuation
		Human Behavior Modeling in Evacuation
		Application
			Algorithm Simulations
			Software Architecture Simulations
			Human Behavior Simulations
		Lessons Learned
		Conclusion
		References
	Challenges of Integrating Advanced Information Technologies with 5G in Disaster Risk Management
		Introduction
		Current State of ICT Usability for Disaster Management
			Social Media
			Internet of Things
			Big Data
			Cloud Computing
			The 5G Technology
			Artificial Intelligence
			Virtual Reality
		Integrating Social Media, IoT, Big Data, Cloud Computing, AI, and VR
			Internet and Special Deliveries by Drones
			Social Collaboration
			Mobile Computing
			Big Data
			Cloud Computing
			Artificial Intelligence
			Virtual Reality
		Conclusion
		References
Part III CIMS Requirements, Development, and Testing
	An Integrated Framework to Evaluate Information Systems Performance in High-Risk Settings: Experiences from the iTRACK Project
		Introduction
		Methodology
		Results
			Framework Description
				Software Testing and Quality
				Software Usability
				The iTRACK System Usefulness
			System Implementation
				System Overview
				System's Graphical User Interface
		Summary and Discussion
		References
	Rural First Responders and Communication Technology: A Mixed Methods Approach to Assessing Their Challenges and Needs
		Introduction
			Rural Environments and Incident Response
			Rural Barriers to Technology
			Opportunities to Address Barriers
			Relevant Research on Rural First Responders
			Gaps in Past Studies
			The “Voices of First Responders” Research
		Method
			Phase 1: Interviews
				Phase 1: Participant Characteristics
				Phase 1: Qualitative Analysis
			Phase 2: Survey
				Phase 2: Participant Characteristics
				Phase 2: Data Analysis
		Results
			Technology Problems
				Technology Problems Across Disciplines
				Technology Problems Specific to Each Discipline
			Technology Needs
				Improving Current Technology
				Location Information
				Real-Time Information
		Discussion
			Better Coverage and Connectivity
			Durable and Reliable Devices
			Improved Interoperability Both for Communicating Across Agencies, Across Devices, and Across Platforms
			Affordable Devices That Are Easy to Fix and Inexpensive to Train on
		Conclusion
		References
	Designing Well-Accepted IT Solutions for Emergency Response: Methods and Approaches
		Problem Statement and Intended Audience
		Fundamental Considerations on Emergency Response Systems
		High-Level Approaches and Paradigms
			User-Centered Design
			Participatory Design
		Methods for Design and Development
			Methods for Analyzing the Context of Use
				Analytic Methods
				Ethnographic Methods
				Participatory Design Methods
			Methods for Specifying Requirements
			Methods for Prototyping
			Methods for Evaluation
		Idiosyncrasies, Challenges, and Pitfalls of Designing IT Systems for Emergency Response
			Conflicting Interaction Paradigms
			Mismatched Understandings of the System Boundary
			Usability Testing Hurdles
			Human-Computer Interaction Versus Machine-Mediated Human-Human Interaction
		Conclusion
		References
	Mobile Device-to-Device Communication for Crisis Scenarios Using Low-Cost LoRa Modems
		Introduction
		Related Work
		Design
			Enabling LoRa on Smartphones
			Modem Firmware
			Incentivizing LoRa Usage
			A Device-to-Device Messaging Application
			Disruption-Tolerant Networking
		Implementation
			Modem Firmware
			A Device-to-Device Messaging Application
			Disruption-Tolerant Networking
		Experimental Evaluation
			LoRa in Device-to-Device Scenarios
			Device-to-Device Smartphone Communication
				Experimental Setup
				Results
			Interfacing Emergency Networks
			Energy Considerations
			Scalability
				Experimental Setup
				Applicability and Limitations
				Building LoRa Communities
		Conclusion
		References
	Digitalized Cross-Sector Collaboration for an Effective Emergency Response: Emerging Forms of Network Governance
		Introduction
			Study Aim and Objectives
		Background
			Emerging Trends in Public Sector Cross-Sector Collaboration
			Cross-Sector Collaboration as Network Governance
		Methods and Material
			Methodological Approach: Case Study Research
				Interviews and Focus Groups
				Scenario-Based Future Workshops
				Experiment and After-Action Review
				Data Analysis
		Results and Analysis
			Theme: Responsibility, Availability, and Attitude
			Theme: Organizational Aspects: Laws, Regulations, and Work Environment
			Theme: Training and Emergency Supply
			Theme: Information Technology and Communication
			Network Governance Analysis Summary
		Discussion
			Emerging Emergency Response Cross-Sector Collaborations and New Research Needs
			Cross-Sector Collaboration as Network Governance: Capturing the Institutional Perspectives But Missing Out on Digitalization and ICT
			ICT as an Enabler of Emergency Response Cross-Sector Collaborations
			Network Governance, Cross-Sector Collaboration, and Information Systems: Implications for Research and Practice
			Study Transferability and Limitations
		Conclusions and Future Work
		References
	Defining Common Information Requirements for Supporting Multiagency Emergency Operations
		Introduction
		Related Research
			Situational Awareness and Common Operational Picture
			Current Information Sharing Practice
		Research Method
			Data Collection on Information Requirements
			Data Collection on Information Sharing Structure
		Results and Discussion
			Common Information Requirements
			The Window Report Structure for Information Sharing
		Conclusion
		References
Part IV CIMS Assessment, Evaluation, and Data Management
	A Commercial Cloud-Based Crisis Information Management System: How Fit and Robust Is It in Response to a Catastrophe?
		Introduction
		Related Work
			Context of WebEOC's Emergence as a De-Facto US Standard
			Academic Literature on the Uses and Effectiveness of WebEOC
		Research Questions
		Methodology
			Theoretical Lens
			Instrument and Coding Scheme
			Sample
			Data Collection
			Data Analysis and Coding
			Research Team and Processes
			Follow-Up Investigation
		Findings
			Ad Research Question #1 (RQ#1)
				Challenges Regarding WebEOC Uses During CR16
				Challenges Regarding WebEOC Functionality During CR16
				Challenges Regarding WebEOC Effectiveness During CR16
			Ad Research Question #2 (RQ#2)
				Technical Foundations Used for WebEOC
				Hierarchy Design
				Limitations with the Current System Architecture
				Data Analysis Based on WebEOC-Based Information
				Data Integrity and Quality
				Data Storage and Accessibility to Stakeholders
				Data Usability and Automations/Workflows
				Metrics, Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), and Data Visualization
		Discussion
			Technical Considerations for WebEOC Implementations
			Nontechnical Considerations Regarding the Use of WebEOC for All Incident Categories
		Conclusion and Future Research
		References
	Practitioners' Perceptions of Fitness to Task of a Leading Disaster Response Management Tool
		Introduction
		Related Work
		Research Questions and Methodology
			Research Questions
			Data Selection and Analysis
		Findings
		Discussion, Future Research, and Concluding Remarks
			General Observations
			The Need for a Widely Accepted, Resilient, and Scalable CIMS
			Limitations of the Study
			Concluding Remarks and Future Research
		References
	From Digital Public Warning Systems to Emergency Warning Ecosystems
		Introduction
		Digital Emergency Warning Process
			Activation (Step 1)
			Representation (Step 2)
			Dispatch (Step 3)
			Counteraction (Step 4)
		Next-Generation Public Warning Systems
		Conclusions
		References
	The Role of Ontologies and Linked Open Data in Support of Disaster Management
		Introduction
		Disaster Management and Related Terms
		Decision Support Systems and Disaster Management
		Literature Survey
		Ontologies for Disaster Management
		Linked Open Data in Disaster Management
		Conclusion
		References
	Toward a Taxonomy for Classifying Crisis Information Management Systems
		Introduction
		Antecedents
		Research Methodology
		Development of the Tax-CIM Taxonomy
			Beginning of the Process
			Iteration 1 (I1)
			Iteration 2 (I2)
		Limitations of the Work
		Conclusions and Further Work
		Appendix A Tax-CIM Version 1
		Appendix B Tax-CIM Version 2
		References
Bibliography
Index