Disadvantaged Children in India : Empirical Evidence, Policies and Actions

Foreword......Page 5
Preface and Acknowledgements......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
About the Authors......Page 14
1 Street Children: The Paradox of Untapped Human Resources......Page 16
 1.1 Introduction......Page 17
 1.2 Definition and Categorization of Street Children......Page 19
  1.2.1 Children of Permanently Migrated Families......Page 20
  1.2.3 Mobile Children......Page 21
  1.2.5 Working Children......Page 22
 1.3 Prevalence and Magnitude of Street Children......Page 23
 1.4 Causal and Contributory Factors for Accepting Street Life......Page 25
 1.5 Living Condition of Street Children......Page 26
  1.5.1 Lack of Safe Shelter......Page 30
  1.5.2 Inadequate Food......Page 32
  1.5.4 Physical and Mental Health Problems......Page 33
 1.6 Education of Street Children......Page 36
 1.7 Occupation of Street Children......Page 40
 1.8 Abuse/Maltreatment of Street Children......Page 42
 1.10 Role of Media......Page 46
  1.11.1 Prevention......Page 47
  1.11.2 Intervention......Page 48
  1.11.3 Rehabilitation of Street Children......Page 50
 1.12 Strengths of Street Children......Page 52
  1.12.1 Community Support for Street Children......Page 53
 1.13 Socio and Legal Measures for Welfare of Disadvantaged Children......Page 54
  1.13.2 The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 (JJ Act, 2015)......Page 55
 1.14 Steps for Effective Implementation of Intervention Programs......Page 57
 1.15 Conclusion and Implications......Page 58
 References......Page 59
 2.1 Introduction......Page 63
  2.2.1 Trafficking......Page 65
  2.2.4 Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children......Page 66
 2.3 Factors Responsible Behind Trafficking and Prostitution......Page 67
 2.4 The Consequences of Trafficking and Child Prostitution......Page 71
  2.4.1 Alienation from Personal and Public Spheres......Page 74
  2.4.2 Deprivation from Fundamental Rights......Page 75
  2.4.3 Health Hazards......Page 76
  2.4.6 Poor Quality of Life......Page 77
  2.5.1 At International Level......Page 78
  2.5.2 At National Level......Page 79
  2.5.3 Local/Community Level......Page 80
 2.6 The Multi-deterministic Action Plan to Prevent Child Trafficking for Prostitution......Page 82
 2.7 Intervention......Page 84
 2.8 Psychosocial Rehabilitation of Trafficked Children Rescued from Prostitution......Page 85
  2.8.1 Rescue......Page 86
  2.8.3 Repatriation, Restoration and Re-integration......Page 88
 2.9 Mandatory Reporting: Global Scenario......Page 89
 2.10 Reporting of Child Sexual Abuse Cases in India......Page 90
 2.11 Legislative and Social Measures for Prevention of Child Trafficking and Child Prostitution......Page 91
 2.12 Conclusion and Implications......Page 94
 References......Page 95
 3.1 Introduction......Page 98
 3.2 Definition......Page 100
 3.3 Extent and Dimensions of Child Labour in India......Page 102
 3.4 Extent and Dimensions of Child Labour Worldwide......Page 103
 3.5 The Shape of the Problem......Page 104
  3.5.2 Unorganized Sector......Page 105
 3.6 Classification of Child Labour......Page 106
 3.7 Causes of Child Labour......Page 107
  3.7.1 Poverty and Child Labour......Page 108
  3.7.3 Involvement in Family Trade......Page 109
  3.7.4 Migration......Page 110
  3.7.6 Shortcomings of the Education System......Page 111
 3.8 Social Aspects of Child Labour......Page 112
  3.8.2 Supply Side of Child Labour: Why Parents Would Let Their Children Work?......Page 113
  3.8.3 The Paradox of Economic Growth and Child Labour......Page 114
 3.9 Consequences of Child Labour......Page 115
  3.9.1 Impact on Schooling......Page 116
  3.9.4 Impact on the Mainstream Workforce......Page 117
  3.9.5 Denial of the Rights of the Child......Page 118
 3.10 Working Conditions and Health Hazards......Page 119
  3.11.1 Social Awareness......Page 120
  3.11.3 Legal Measures Adopted by the Government of India......Page 121
  3.11.4 Government of India’s Policies and Actions......Page 122
 3.12 Global Approach to Combat This Social Problem......Page 124
  3.12.2 Safety Net......Page 125
  3.12.3 Schooling......Page 127
  3.12.5 Involving Corporate Houses and Non-governmental Organizations......Page 128
  3.12.7 Legal Enforcement and Customization of Policies......Page 130
 3.13 Conclusion and Implications......Page 131
 3.14 Recommendations......Page 132
 References......Page 133
 4.1 Introduction......Page 145
 4.2 Definition of Slums......Page 147
 4.3 The Nature and Character of Slums in India......Page 148
 4.4 Slum Children, Street Children and Homeless Children......Page 150
 4.6 Health Hazards from Unhygienic Living Conditions......Page 151
 4.7 Access to Education......Page 153
 4.8 Malnutrition......Page 155
 4.9 Insecurity and Threat of Eviction......Page 156
 4.11 Access to Play Spaces and Recreation Spots......Page 157
 4.12 Crimes Against Children......Page 158
 4.13 Child Labour......Page 159
 4.14 Interventions for Slum Children Worldwide......Page 160
 4.15 Policies and Actions for the Slum Children in India......Page 161
 4.16 Protection of Children Against Abuse and Neglect......Page 164
 4.17 Interventions for Slum Children: Possible Directions......Page 166
 4.19 Slum Upgrading......Page 167
 4.20 Education......Page 168
 4.21 Urban Planning......Page 169
 4.22 Social Security Measures......Page 170
 4.23 Shelter Homes......Page 171
 4.25 A Model for Interventions......Page 172
 4.27 Conclusion and Implications......Page 176
 References......Page 177
 5.1 Introduction......Page 186
 5.2 Definition and Types of Institutions and Their Objectives......Page 187
 5.3 Profile of the Children and Their Background......Page 188
  5.3.1 Magnitude of the Children Under Institutional Care......Page 189
 5.4 Reasons for Staying in Institutions......Page 190
 5.5 Nature of Care and Support Services Available for Children Under Institutional Care......Page 191
  5.5.1 Institutional Care: Positive Outcomes, Issues and Concerns......Page 192
 5.6 Status of Mental Health of the Children Under Institutional Care......Page 196
  5.6.1 Resilience Capacity of the Children Under Institution Care......Page 198
  5.7.1 Unmet Basic Needs/Needs at Low Standard......Page 199
  5.7.4 Physical Abuse......Page 200
  5.7.5 Sexual Abuse......Page 201
 5.8 Perception of Children About Institutional Care and Support Services......Page 202
  5.8.2 Educational Performance of the Children......Page 203
  5.8.4 Perception of Children About Overall Institutional Ambiance......Page 204
 5.9 Perception of Parents and Guardians About Institutional Care and Support Services......Page 206
 5.10 Protection of the Rights of Children and Abuse Experienced, as Revealed by Puducherry Study......Page 207
 5.11 Nature of Offences Committed by Juvenile Delinquents......Page 209
 5.12 Causes Behind Juvenile Delinquency......Page 210
 5.13 Behaviour Modification of Juvenile Delinquents......Page 212
  5.14.2 The UN Guidelines for the Alternative Care of Children......Page 214
  5.14.4 UN Guidelines for the Alternative Care of Children on Residential Care Include......Page 215
  5.15.2 Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS)......Page 216
 5.16 Conclusion and Implications......Page 217
 5.17 Ensuring Quality Care in the Institutions......Page 218
 5.20 General Recommendations......Page 220
 5.22 Proposed Conceptual Model for Prevention, Intervention and Rehabilitation of Juvenile Delinquents......Page 221
 References......Page 222