Direct Energy Conversion Technologies

Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Chapter 1: Energy Conversion Technologies
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Electricity Generation
		1.2.1 Utility Plants or Central Power Plants
		1.2.2 Captive Stand-Alone Power Plants
		1.2.3 Cogeneration Plants
		1.2.4 Autonomous Power Plants
		1.2.5 Combined-Cycle Power Plants
	1.3 Transport Energy
	1.4 Limitations of Current Power Generation Systems
		1.4.1 Carnot Limitation
		1.4.2 Metallurgical Limitation
		1.4.3 Mechanical Links and Plant Reliability
		1.4.4 Ecological Balance
		1.4.5 Plant Costs
		1.4.6 Transmission and Distribution System
	1.5 Direct Energy Conversion Systems
		1.5.1 Fuel Cell
		1.5.2 Solar-Cell Photovoltaic
		1.5.3 Thermoelectric Power Units
		1.5.4 Thermionic Converter
		1.5.5 Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic Generator
Chapter 2: Solar Cells
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Photon Energy
		2.2.1 Photon Flux
	2.3 Solid-State Principles
		2.3.1 Solid-State Phenomenon
		2.3.2 Fermi Energy
		2.3.3 Energy Distribution of Electron Gas
		2.3.4 Fermi Energy Calculation
		2.3.5 Behavior of Free Electrons
	2.4 The Band Theory
		2.4.1 Energy Bands for Different Materials
	2.5 Semiconductors
		2.5.1 Types of Semiconductors
	2.6 p-n Junction
	2.7 Theory of Solar Cells Photovoltaics
		2.7.1 Types of Solar Cells
		2.7.2 Operation of Cell
		2.7.3 Performance Characteristics
		2.7.4 Solar Energy Utilization
		2.7.5 Solar Cell Efficiency and Losses
		2.7.6 Methods of Increasing Cell Efficiency
	2.8 Performance Analysis
	2.9 Solar Cell Materials
		2.9.1 Monocrystalline Silicon Solar Cells
		2.9.2 Polycrystalline Silicon Solar Cell
		2.9.3 Thin-Film Solar Cells
	2.10 Solar Arrays
		2.10.1 Solar Modules
		2.10.2 Solar Array or Generator
	2.11 Solar Cell Power Plants
		2.11.1 Autonomous Solar Power Plants
		2.11.2 Combined Solar-Wind-Diesel Power Plant
	2.12 Energy Storage
	2.13 Design of a Solar Power Plant
		2.13.1 Size of Solar Array
		2.13.2 Solar Panel Tilt
		2.13.3 Storage Battery Capacity
	2.14 Applications of Solar Photovoltaic Systems
		2.14.1 Autonomous Power Systems
		2.14.2 Central Power Generation
		2.14.3 Solar Water Pumps
		2.14.4 Space Satellite Power Station (SSPS)
	2.15 Advantages of Photovoltaic Solar Systems
	2.16 Limitations of Photovoltaic Solar Systems
Chapter 3: Fuel Cells
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 H2—O2 Fuel Cell
		3.2.1 Principle of Operation
		3.2.2 Performance Analysis
		3.2.3 Performance Characteristics
		3.2.4 Polarization in Fuel Cells
	3.3 Types of Fuel Cells
		3.3.1 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC)
		3.3.2 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC)
		3.3.3 Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFC)
		3.3.4 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC)
		3.3.5 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC)
		3.3.6 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC)
		3.3.7 Regenerative Fuel Cells (RFC)
	3.4 Applications of Fuel Cells
		3.4.1 Central Power Generation
		3.4.2 Cogeneration Units
		3.4.3 Mobile Units for Automotive Vehicles
	3.5 Advantages and Limitations of Fuel Cells
		3.5.1 Advantages
		3.5.2 Limitations
Chapter 4: Magneto-Hydrodynamic Power Generation
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Principle of Operations
	4.3 Design Problems
		4.3.1 Gas Velocity
		4.3.2 Magnetic Flux Density
		4.3.3 Gas Electrical Conductivity
		4.3.4 MHD Duct
	4.4 Thermodynamic Performance Analysis
	4.5 Electrical Analysis
	4.6 MHD Generator Efficiency
	4.7 Open Cycle MHD Power Generation System
	4.8 Closed Cycle MHD Power Generation System
		4.8.1 Seeded Insert Gas System
		4.8.2 Liquid Metal System
	4.9 Hybridization of MHD Power Generator
	4.10 Indian Experience
	4.11 Advantages of an MHD Power Generator
	4.12 Limitations of MHD Technology
Chapter 5: Thermoelectric Power Generation
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Thermoelectric Effects
		5.2.1 Seebeck Effect
		5.2.2 Peltier Effect
		5.2.3 Thomson Effect
		5.2.4 Joule Effect
		5.2.5 Kelvin Relations
	5.3 Principle of Operation of a Thermoelectric Power Generator
	5.4 Performance Analysis of Thermoelectric Generator
		5.4.1 Figure of Merit
		5.4.2 Maximum Power
	5.5 Selection of Materials for Thermoelectric Generators
		5.5.1 Metals
		5.5.2 Semiconductors
		5.5.3 High Temperature Semiconductors
	5.6 Applications of Thermoelectric Generators
		5.6.1 Thermopile and Cascading Operation
		5.6.2 Combined Thermoelectric and Steam Power Plant
		5.6.3 Thermoelectric Waste Heat Stack
		5.6.4 Decay Heat of Radioactive Isotopes
		5.6.5 Solar Energy
	5.7 Limitations
Chapter 6: Thermionic Power Generation
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Principle of Operation
		6.2.1 Fermi Energy Level
	6.3 Performance of Thermionic Generator
	6.4 Applications of Thermionic Generator
		6.4.1 Thermionic Generator in the Riser Tube of a Boiler
		6.4.2 Thermionic Generator in a Nuclear Reactor
		6.4.3 MHD–Thermionic Generator-Steam Power Plant
	6.5 Limitations of a Thermionic Generator
Chapter 7: Exploring New Energy Technologies
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Requirements of New Energy Technologies
	7.3 Design Requirements
		7.3.1 Collection System
		7.3.2 Solar System Model
		7.3.3 Optimum Task to Energy Level Match
	7.4 Exergy Analysis of Energy Systems
		7.4.1 Exergy Efficiency
		7.4.2 Exergy Efficiency of Solar Collectors
	7.5 Economic Evaluation of Energy Systems
		7.5.1 Life-Cycle Costing Method
		7.5.2 Net Cost-Saving Method
		7.5.3 Net Benefit/Cost Ratio Method
	7.6 Internal Rate of Return for Investment in New Energy Technology
Chapter 8: Solar Thermal Energy
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Solar Radiation
		8.2.1 Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation
		8.2.2 Terrestrial Solar Radiation
	8.3 Solar Radiation Geometry
		8.3.1 Radiation Angles
		8.3.2 Relationship among Solar Angles
		8.3.3 Clearance Index
	8.4 Measurement of Solar Radiations
	8.5 Solar Collectors
		8.5.1 Flat Plate Collectors
		8.5.2 Concentrating Collectors
	8.6 Flat Plate Collectors
		8.6.1 Total Solar Radiation Incident on an Inclined Solar Collector
		8.6.2 Performance Evaluation
		8.6.3 Material Selection
	8.7 Design of Flat Plate Collector
		8.7.1 Optical Design of Collector
		8.7.2 Thermal Design of Collector
	8.8 Applications of Flat Plate Collector
		8.8.1 Solar Water Heaters
		8.8.2 Solar Cookers
		8.8.3 Solar Refrigeration
		8.8.4 Solar Milk Cooler
		8.8.5 Solar Water Pumps
	8.9 Focusing (Concentrating) Collectors
		8.9.1 Performance Evaluation
		8.9.2 Optical Efficiency
		8.9.3 Optical Design of Concentrating Collector
		8.9.4 Comparison of Performance of Different Collectors
	8.10 Solar Thermal Power Plants
		8.10.1 Parabolic Trough Solar Power Plant
		8.10.2 Central Receiver Solar Power Plants
		8.10.3 Disk-Sterling Engine System
		8.10.4 Solar Chimney Power Plant
		8.10.5 Solar Ponds
	8.11 Design of Solar Thermal Plants
	8.12 Heliostats
		8.12.1 Heliostat Losses
		8.12.2 Receiver
		8.12.3 Heat Transport System
	8.13 Thermal Energy Storage
		8.13.1 Thermocline Storage System
		8.13.2 Hot-Cold System
	8.14 Limitation of Solar Energy
Chapter 9: Nuclear Fusion Energy
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Principle of Fusion Process
		9.2.1 Artificial Fusion Reaction
		9.2.2 Thermonuclear Fusion
	9.3 Tokamak Fusion Reactor
	9.4 Inertial Confinement Reactor
	9.5 Future Nuclear Fusion Power Plant
	9.6 Advantages of Fusion Energy
Chapter 10: Hydrogen Energy
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Production of Hydrogen
		10.2.1 From Fossil Fuels
		10.2.2 By Water Electrolysis
		10.2.3 Solar Energy Methods
	10.3 Hydrogen Storage and Distribution
		10.3.1 Hydrogen Storage
		10.3.2 Hydrogen Transportation
		10.3.3 Safety Precautions
	10.4 Properties of Hydrogen
	10.5 Applications of Hydrogen Energy
	10.6 Hydrogen Energy for AIR and Surface Transport
		10.6.1 Jet Fuel
		10.6.2 Road Vehicles
	10.7 Hydrogen Energy For Power Generation
		10.7.1 Central Power Plants
		10.7.2 Autonomous Power Plants
	10.8 Miscellaneous Applications
	10.9 Advantages and Limitations of Hydrogen Energy
		10.9.1 Advantages
		10.9.2 Limitations
Index