Digital Terrain Modelling: Development and Applications in a Policy Support Environment

Contents......Page 8
1. Introduction......Page 17
2. Digital Terrain Analysis in a GIS Environment......Page 18
3.1 Vector-scalar Functions: Spatial Curves, Curvature and Surfaces......Page 20
3.2 Scalar-vector Functions: Gradient Vector, Slope and Aspect......Page 30
3.3 The Link between Surface Geometry and Surface Flow: Gradient and Curvature......Page 33
3.4 Vector Analysis and Digital Terrain Modelling: Geometric Characterisation of Topographic Surfaces......Page 36
4.1 Digital Representation of Topographic Surface: Continuity and Smoothness......Page 37
4.2 Calculation of Partial Derivatives for Gradient and Curvature Estimation......Page 40
4.3 Which Gradient Calculation Method Should be Used?......Page 44
4.4 Avoiding Second-order Derivatives: Break Lines and Inflexion Lines......Page 49
4.5 Calculation of Singular Points......Page 51
4.6 Digital Drainage Analysis: Ridge and Valley Lines......Page 53
5. Conclusions......Page 54
References......Page 55
1. Introduction......Page 60
2.1 Erosion and Dilatation......Page 61
2.3 Geodesic Transformations......Page 62
3. From Topographic Maps to DEMs......Page 65
3.2 Interpolation Along Steepest Slope Lines......Page 66
4. From DEMs to River Networks......Page 67
4.1 Spurious Pits and their Suppression......Page 69
4.2 Flow Directions......Page 72
5. Dividing Lines......Page 74
6. Concluding Remarks......Page 77
References......Page 78
1. Introduction......Page 82
2. Interpolation by Regularised Spline with Tension......Page 83
3. The RST Control Parameters......Page 85
4. Evaluation of Interpolation Accuracy......Page 86
5. Application to Digital Terrain Modelling......Page 88
6. Results and Discussion......Page 90
7. Conclusions......Page 94
References......Page 96
1. Introduction......Page 98
2. Study Area......Page 101
3. Methodology......Page 102
3.1 Statistical Analysis of Interpolated Surfaces......Page 103
4.1 Statistical Analysis......Page 104
4.2 Spatial Autocorrelation......Page 106
5. Discussion......Page 107
6. Conclusions......Page 108
References......Page 112
Referenced Web Sites......Page 113
1. Introduction......Page 114
2. Gaps and Noise in SRTM Data......Page 115
3. Digital Surface Model vs. Digital Elevation Model......Page 116
4.1 Description of the Test Area......Page 118
4.2 SRTM Elevation Data......Page 119
5.1 Possible Solutions for Data Improvement of SRTM......Page 122
6.1 Quantitative Comparison of the SRTM DEM to National DEMs......Page 126
7.1 Workflow for Building a Seamless Pan-European DEM for Non-critical Applications......Page 130
8. Conclusions......Page 131
References......Page 133
1. Commands......Page 134
3. Selected data sources......Page 135
1. Introduction......Page 136
2. Study Area......Page 138
3.1 Digital Elevation Data......Page 139
3.2 Inland Water Body Layer......Page 140
3.3 Environmental Data Layers......Page 141
4. Methodology......Page 142
4.1 Landscape Stratification......Page 143
4.2 Threshold Definition......Page 145
4.3 River Network Extraction......Page 148
5. Data Validation......Page 150
6.1 Pfafstetter Coding......Page 152
6.2 Adding Names to Rivers and Catchments......Page 154
7. Conclusions and Outlook......Page 155
References......Page 156
Referenced Web Sites......Page 159
1. Introduction......Page 160
2. The DIWA Model......Page 162
2.1 Cell Link Network Definition Based on Digital Elevation Model (DEM)......Page 164
2.3 Interception and Through-fall Estimation......Page 166
2.4 Evaporation and Evapotranspiration......Page 167
2.5 Modelling of the Subsurface Run-off Processes......Page 169
2.6 Surface Run-off Calculation......Page 175
2.7 Numeric Solution......Page 176
2.8 Some Numerical Aspects......Page 177
3.1 Background and Some Characteristics of the Tisza Basin......Page 178
3.2 Data Preparation and Pre-processing......Page 183
3.3 Calibration and Validation......Page 186
3.4 Scenario Analysis for Vegetation Density Changes on the Upper-Tisza Basin......Page 191
4. Conclusions......Page 193
References......Page 195
1. Introduction......Page 198
2. Flood Hazard Mapping Using DEM......Page 200
3. Methodology......Page 201
3.2 Step 2: Defining the Critical Water Levels......Page 202
4. Potential Flood Hazard Maps of Europe......Page 206
5. Validation of the Flood Hazard Map......Page 209
6. From Regional Flood Hazard to Regional Flood Risk......Page 211
7. A Flood Risk Map of Europe......Page 214
References......Page 215
Referenced Web Sites......Page 216
1. Introduction......Page 218
2. Materials and Methods......Page 223
3.2 Creation of DTM......Page 228
3.3 Value Check of DTM......Page 230
4.1 Quick Area and Reservoir Capacity Calculation......Page 232
4.3 Flow Direction, Inundation and Discharge Simulation, Running-off Modelling......Page 234
5. Conclusion......Page 237
References......Page 239
Referenced Web Sites......Page 241
1. Introduction......Page 242
2.2 The Data......Page 245
2.3 Methods......Page 247
3. Results and Discussion......Page 261
4. Conclusions......Page 269
References......Page 270
Referenced Web Sites......Page 271
Appendix......Page 272
1. Introduction......Page 274
2. Solar Radiation Modelling......Page 275
3. Spatially Distributed Solar Databases......Page 276
4. Solar Radiation Model r.sun and Terrain Parameters......Page 278
4.2 Inclination and Aspect......Page 279
4.3 Shadowing......Page 280
5. PVGIS: Application of solar Radiation Model in an Assessment of Photovoltaic Power generation......Page 282
6. Conclusions......Page 284
References......Page 285
Referenced Web Sites......Page 287
1. Introduction......Page 289
2. Case Study......Page 290
3. Conclusions......Page 295
Referenced Web Sites......Page 296
1. Introduction......Page 297
2. Derivation of the PDD Layer......Page 299
Appendix: An Arc/Info® AML file to derive a PDD layer from a filled DEM......Page 304
ABOUT THE AUTHORS......Page 310
C......Page 320
E......Page 321
G......Page 322
N......Page 323
S......Page 324
W......Page 326