Digital Terrain Analysis in Soil Science and Geology

Cover......Page 1
Errata......Page 2
Front matter
......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Preface......Page 7
Acknowledgments......Page 13
Abbreviations and Acronyms......Page 15
1 Digital Terrain Modeling......Page 17
Part I Principles and Methods of Digital Terrain Modeling......Page 21
2.1 Topographic Surface......Page 23
2.2 Local Morphometric Variables......Page 25
2.3 Nonlocal Morphometric Variables......Page 32
2.4 Structural Lines......Page 35
2.5 Solar Morphometric Variables......Page 37
2.7.1 The Gaussian Classification......Page 39
2.7.2 The Concept of Accumulation Zones. The Efremov–Krcho Classification......Page 41
2.7.3 The Shary Classification......Page 44
3.1 DEM Generation......Page 47
3.2 DEM Grid Types......Page 52
3.3 DEM Resolution......Page 54
3.4 DEM Interpolation......Page 56
4.1 The Evans–Young Method......Page 59
4.2.1 Motivation......Page 61
4.2.2 Formulas......Page 62
4.2.3.1 Materials and Data Processing......Page 65
4.2.3.2 Results and Discussion......Page 66
4.3.1 Motivation......Page 70
4.3.2 Formulas......Page 71
4.3.3 Calculation of Linear Sizes of a Spheroidal Equal Angular Window......Page 73
4.3.4 Discussion......Page 74
4.4 Calculation of Nonlocal Morphometric Variables......Page 75
4.5.1 Conventional Algorithms......Page 77
4.5.2 Generating Function......Page 78
5 Errors and Accuracy......Page 81
5.1 Sources of DEM Errors......Page 82
5.2 Estimation of DEM Accuracy......Page 86
5.3.1 Motivation......Page 87
5.3.2 RMSE Formulas for Local Morphometric Variables......Page 89
5.3.3.1 Calculation on a Plane Square Grid......Page 91
5.3.3.2 Calculation on a Spheroidal Equal Angular Grid......Page 93
5.3.4. RMSE Mapping......Page 94
5.4.1 Motivation......Page 97
5.4.2 Materials and Data Processing......Page 98
5.4.3 Results and Discussion......Page 102
5.5.1 Motivation......Page 104
5.5.3 Results and Discussion......Page 106
5.6.1 Motivation......Page 109
5.6.2 Materials and Data Processing......Page 110
5.6.3 Results and Discussion......Page 112
5.7.1 Motivation......Page 114
5.7.2 Isotropy of Local Morphometric Variables......Page 116
6.1 Tasks of DTM filtering......Page 119
6.1.2 Denoising......Page 120
6.1.3.1 Generalization in Cartography......Page 121
6.1.3.2 DTM Generalization......Page 122
6.2.2 The Filosofov Method......Page 125
6.2.3 Two-Dimensional Discrete Fourier Transform......Page 128
6.2.4 Two-Dimensional Discrete Wavelet Transform......Page 129
6.2.5 Smoothing......Page 131
6.2.6 Row and Column Elimination......Page 133
6.2.7 The Cutting Method......Page 135
6.3.1 Algorithm2......Page 138
6.3.2 Materials and Data Processing......Page 141
6.3.3 Results and Discussion......Page 146
7.1 Peculiarities of Morphometric Mapping......Page 149
7.3 Cross Sections......Page 151
7.4 Three-Dimensional Topographic Modeling......Page 152
7.5 Combining Hill-Shading Maps with Soil and Geological Data......Page 157
Part II Digital Terrain Modeling in Soil Science......Page 159
8.1 Introduction......Page 161
8.2 Local Morphometric Variables and Soil......Page 162
8.3 Nonlocal Morphometric Variables and Soil......Page 164
8.4 Discussion......Page 165
9.1 Motivation......Page 167
9.2 Theory......Page 169
9.3.1 Study Site......Page 173
9.3.2 Materials and Methods......Page 174
9.3.3 Results and Discussion......Page 178
10.1 The Dokuchaev hypothesis as a Central Idea of Soil Predictions......Page 183
10.2 Early Models......Page 186
10.3 Current Predictive Methods......Page 188
10.3.1 Classification of Methods......Page 189
10.3.2 Mathematical Approaches......Page 190
10.3.3 Small-Scale Predictive Models and Upscaling......Page 198
10.3.4 Prediction Accuracy......Page 201
10.4 Topographic Multivariable Approach......Page 203
11.1 Motivation......Page 207
11.2 Study Sites......Page 208
11.3 Materials and Methods......Page 211
11.3.1 Field work......Page 212
11.3.2 Laboratory Analyses......Page 213
11.3.3.1 Topographic Modeling......Page 214
11.3.3.2 Statistical Analysis......Page 215
11.4.1.1 Temporal Variability......Page 230
11.4.1.2 Depth Variability......Page 231
11.4.2 Topography and Denitrification......Page 232
11.4.2.1 Wetter Conditions......Page 233
11.4.2.2 Drier Conditions......Page 234
11.4.2.3 Interpretations......Page 235
Part III Digital Terrain Modeling in Geology......Page 237
12.2 Fold Geometry and Fold Classification......Page 239
12.3 Predicting the Degree of Fold Deformation and Fracturing......Page 241
12.4 Folding Models and the Theorema Egregium......Page 242
13.1 Motivation......Page 247
13.2 Theory......Page 251
13.3.1 Materials and Data Processing......Page 253
13.3.2 Results and Discussion......Page 255
13.3.3 Strike, Dip, and Displacement Estimation......Page 256
13.4.1 The Crimean Peninsula......Page 257
13.4.1.1 The Geological Setting......Page 258
13.4.1.3 Results and Discussion......Page 261
13.4.2.1 The Geological Setting......Page 264
13.4.2.2 Materials and Data Processing......Page 265
13.4.2.3 Results and Discussion......Page 267
14.1 Motivation......Page 271
14.2 Study Area......Page 273
14.3 Materials and Methods......Page 274
14.4 Results and Discussion......Page 277
15.1 Motivation......Page 279
15.2 Materials and Data Processing......Page 282
15.3.1 General Interpretation......Page 285
15.3.2 Global Helical Structures......Page 293
16 Synthesis......Page 301
A.1.1 Gradient......Page 305
A.1.2 Special Points......Page 307
A.1.3 Slope Lines and Flow Lines......Page 309
A.2.1 Aspect......Page 310
A.2.2 Insolation......Page 312
A.3.1 Plan Curvature......Page 313
A.3.3 Vertical Curvature......Page 315
A.3.5 Total Gaussian Curvature......Page 317
A.3.6 Unsphericity Curvature......Page 318
A.3.7 Rotor......Page 320
A.3.8 Difference Curvature......Page 322
A.3.10 Total Ring Curvature......Page 324
A.3.11 Total Accumulation Curvature......Page 326
A.4 Generating Function......Page 328
Appendix B: LandLord—A Brief
Description of the Software......Page 331
References......Page 333
Index......Page 383