Digital Signal Processing: Fundamentals and Applications

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Digital Signal Processing:
Fundamentals and Applications
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Preface
1
Introduction to Digital Signal Processing
	Basic Concepts of Digital Signal Processing
	Basic Digital Signal Processing Examples in Block Diagrams
		Digital Filtering
		Signal Frequency (Spectrum) Analysis
	Overview of Typical Digital Signal Processing in Real-World Applications
		Digital Crossover Audio System
		Interference Cancellation in Electrocardiography
		Speech Coding and Compression
		Compact-Disc Recording System
		Vibration Signature Analysis for Defected Gear Tooth
		Digital Image Enhancement
	Digital Signal Processing Applications
	Summary
2
Signal Sampling and Quantization
	Sampling of Continuous Signal
	Signal Reconstruction
		Practical Considerations for Signal Sampling: Anti-Aliasing Filtering
		Practical Considerations for Signal Reconstruction: Anti-Image Filter and Equalizer
	Analog-to-Digital Conversion, Digital-to-Analog Conversion, and Quantization
	Summary
	MATLAB Programs
	Problems
3
Digital Signals and Systems
	Digital Signals
		Common Digital Sequences
		Generation of Digital Signals
	Linear Time-Invariant, Causal Systems
		Linearity
		Time Invariance
		Causality
	Difference Equations and Impulse Responses
		Format of Difference Equation
		System Representation Using Its Impulse Response
	Digital Convolution
	Bounded-Input and Bounded-Output Stability
	Summary
	Problems
4
Discrete Fourier Transform and Signal Spectrum
	Discrete Fourier Transform
		Fourier Series Coefficients of Periodic Digital Signals
		Discrete Fourier Transform Formulas
	Amplitude Spectrum and Power Spectrum
	Spectral Estimation Using Window Functions
	Application to Signal Spectral Estimation
	Fast Fourier Transform
		Method of Decimation-in-Frequency
		Method of Decimation-in-Time
	Summary
	Problems
5
The z-Transform
	Definition
	Properties of the z-Transform
	Inverse z-Transform
		Partial Fraction Expansion and Look-Up Table
		Partial Fraction Expansion Using MATLAB
		Power Series Method
		Inversion Formula Method
	Solution of Difference Equations Using the z-Transform
	Two-Sided z-Transform
	Summary
	Problems
6
Digital Signal Processing Systems, Basic Filtering Types, and Digital Filter Realizations
	Difference Equation and Digital Filtering
	Difference Equation and Transfer Function
		Impulse Response, Step Response, and System Response
	The z-Plane Pole-Zero Plot and Stability
	Digital Filter Frequency Response
	Basic Types of Filtering
	Realization of Digital Filters
		Direct-Form I Realization
		Direct-Form II Realization
		Cascade (Series) Realization
		Parallel Realization
	Application: Signal Enhancement and Filtering
		Preemphasis of Speech
		Bandpass Filtering of Speech
		Enhancement of ECG Signal Using Notch Filtering
	Summary
	Problems
7
Finite Impulse Response Filter Design
	Finite Impulse Response Filter Format
	Fourier Transform Design
	Window Method
	Applications: Noise Reduction and Two-Band Digital Crossover
		Noise Reduction
		Speech Noise Reduction
		Noise Reduction in Vibration Signal
		Two-Band Digital Crossover
	Frequency Sampling Design Method
	Optimal Design Method
	Design of FIR Differentiator and Hilbert Transformer
	Realization Structures of Finite Impulse Response Filters
		Transversal Form
		Linear Phase Form
	Coefficient Accuracy Effects on Finite Impulse Response Filters
	Summary of FIR Design Procedures and Selection of the FIR Filter Design Methods in Practice
	Summary
	MATLAB Programs
	Problems
8
Infinite Impulse Response Filter Design
	Infinite Impulse Response Filter Format
	Bilinear Transformation Design Method
		Analog Filters Using Lowpass Prototype Transformation
		Bilinear Transformation and Frequency Warping
		Bilinear Transformation Design Procedure
	Digital Butterworth and Chebyshev Filter Designs
		Lowpass Prototype Function and Its Order
		Lowpass and Highpass Filter Design Examples
		Bandpass and Bandstop Filter Design Examples
	Higher-Order Infinite Impulse Response Filter Design Using the Cascade Method
	Application: Digital Audio Equalizer
	Impulse Invariant Design Method
	Pole-Zero Placement Method for Simple Infinite Impulse Response Filters
		Second-Order Bandpass Filter Design
		Second-Order Bandstop (Notch) Filter Design
		First-Order Lowpass Filter Design
		First-Order Highpass Filter Design
	Realization Structures of Infinite Impulse Response Filters
		Realization of Infinite Impulse Response Filters in Direct-Form I and Direct-Form II
		Realization of Higher-Order Infinite Impulse Response Filters Via the Cascade Form
	Application: 60-Hz Hum Eliminator and Heart Rate Detection Using Electrocardiography
	Coefficient Accuracy Effects on Infinite Impulse Response Filters
	Application: Generation and Detection of DTMF Tones Using the Goertzel Algorithm
		Single-Tone Generator
		Dual-Tone Multifrequency Tone Generator
		Goertzel Algorithm
		Dual-Tone Multifrequency Tone Detection Using the Modified Goertzel Algorithm
	Summary of Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) Design Procedures and Selection of the IIR Filter Design Methods in Practice
	Summary
	Problems
9
Adaptive Filters and Applications
	Introduction to Least Mean Square Adaptive Finite Impulse Response Filters
	Basic Wiener Filter Theory and Adaptive Algorithms
		Wiener Filter Theory and Linear Prediction
			Basic Wiener Filter Theory
			Forward Linear Prediction
		Steepest Descent Algorithm
		Least Mean Square Algorithm
		Recursive Least Squares Algorithm
	Applications: Noise Cancellation, System Modeling, and Line Enhancement
		Noise Cancellation
		System Modeling
		Line Enhancement Using Linear Prediction
	Other Application Examples
		Canceling Periodic Interferences Using Linear Prediction
		Electrocardiography Interference Cancellation
		Echo Cancellation in Long-Distance Telephone Circuits
	Summary
	Problems
10
Waveform Quantization and Compression
	Linear Midtread Quantization
	μ-Law Companding
		Analog μ-Law Companding
		Digital μ-Law Companding
	Examples of Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM), Delta Modulation, and Adaptive DPCM G.721
		Examples of DPCM and Delta Modulation
		Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation G.721
	Discrete Cosine Transform, Modified Discrete Cosine Transform, and Transform Coding in MPEG Audio
		Discrete Cosine Transform
		Modified Discrete Cosine Transform
		Transform Coding in MPEG Audio
	Summary
	MATLAB Programs
	Problems
11
Multirate Digital Signal Processing, Oversampling of Analog-to-Digital Conversion, and Undersampling of Bandp ...
	Multirate Digital Signal Processing Basics
		Sampling Rate Reduction by an Integer Factor
		Sampling Rate Increase by an Integer Factor
		Changing Sampling Rate by a Non-Integer Factor L/M
		Application: CD Audio Player
		Multistage Decimation
	Polyphase Filter Structure and Implementation
	Oversampling of Analog-To-Digital Conversion
		Oversampling and ADC Resolution
		Sigma-Delta Modulation ADC
	Application Example: CD Player
	Undersampling of Bandpass Signals
	Summary
	Problems
	MATLAB Problems
	MATLAB Project
12
Subband and Wavelet-Based Coding
	Subband Coding Basics
	Subband Decomposition and Two-Channel Perfect Reconstruction-Quadrature Mirror Filter Bank
	Subband Coding of Signals
	Wavelet Basics and Families of Wavelets
	Multiresolution Equations
	Discrete Wavelet Transform
	Wavelet Transform Coding of Signals
	MATLAB Programs
	Summary
	Problems
13
Image Processing Basics
	Image Processing Notation and Data Formats
		8-Bit Gray Level Images
		24-Bit Color Images
		8-Bit Color Images
		Intensity Images
		RGB Components and Grayscale Conversion
		MATLAB Functions for Format Conversion
	Image Histogram and Equalization
		Grayscale Histogram and Equalization
		24-Bit Color Image Equalization
		8-Bit Indexed Color Image Equalization
		MATLAB Functions for Equalization
	Image Level Adjustment and Contrast
		Linear Level Adjustment
		Adjusting the Level for Display
		MATLAB Functions for Image Level Adjustment
	Image Filtering Enhancement
		Lowpass Noise Filtering
		Median Filtering
		Edge Detection
		MATLAB Functions for Image Filtering
	Image Pseudo-Color Generation and Detection
	Image Spectra
	Image Compression by Discrete Cosine Transform
		Two-Dimensional Discrete Cosine Transform
		Two-Dimensional JPEG Grayscale Image Compression Example
		JPEG Color Image Compression
		Image Compression Using Wavelet Transform Coding
	Creating a Video Sequence by Mixing two Images
	Video Signal Basics
		Analog Video
		Digital Video
	Motion Estimation in Video
	Summary
	Problems
14
Hardware and Software for Digital Signal Processors
	Digital Signal Processor Architecture
	DSP Hardware Units
		Multiplier and Accumulator
		Shifters
		Address Generators
	DSPs and Manufactures
	Fixed-Point and Floating-Point Formats
		Fixed-Point Format
		Floating-Point Format
		IEEE Floating-Point Formats
		Fixed-Point DSPs
		Floating-Point DSPs
	Finite Impulse Response and Infinite Impulse Response Filter Implementations in Fixed-Point Systems
	Digital Signal Processing Programming Examples
		Overview of TMS320C67x DSK
		Concept of Real-Time Processing
		Linear Buffering
		Sample C Programs
	Additional Real-Time DSP Examples
		Adaptive Filtering Using the TMS320C6713 DSK
		Signal Quantization Using the TMS320C6713 DSK
		Sampling Rate Conversion Using the TMS320C6713 DSK
	Summary
	Problems
Appendix A: Introduction to the Matlab Environment
	Basic Commands and Syntax
	MATLAB Array and Indexing
	Plot Utilities: Subplot, Plot, Stem, and Stair
	MATLAB Script Files
	MATLAB Functions
Appendix B: Review of Analog Signal Processing Basics
	Fourier Series and Fourier Transform
		Sine-Cosine Form
		Amplitude-Phase Form
		Complex Exponential Form
		Spectral Plots
		Fourier Transform
	Laplace Transform
		Laplace Transform and Its Table
		Solving Differential Equations Using Laplace Transform
		Transfer Function
	Poles, Zeros, Stability, Convolution, and Sinusoidal Steady-State Response
		Poles, Zeros, and Stability
		Convolution
		Sinusoidal Steady-State Response
	Problems
Appendix C: Normalized Butterworth and Chebyshev Functions
	Normalized Butterworth Function
	Normalized Chebyshev Function
Appendix D: Sinusoidal Steady-State Response of Digital Filters
	Sinusoidal Steady-State Response
	Properties of the Sinusoidal Steady-State Response
Appendix E: Finite Impulse Response Filter Design Equations by Frequency Sampling Design Method
Appendix F: Wavelet Analysis and Synthesis Equations
	Basic Properties
	Analysis Equations
	Wavelet Synthesis Equations
Appendix G: Review of Discrete-Time Random Signals
	Random Variable Statistical Properties
	Random Signal Statistical Properties
	Wide-Sense Stationary Random Signals
	Ergodic Signals
	Statistical Properties of Linear System Output Signal
	Z-Transform Domain Representation of Statistical Properties
Appendix H: Some Useful Mathematical Formulas
Answers to Selected Problems
References
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	Y
	Z
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