Digital Signal Processing and Applications, Second Edition

Digital Signal Processing and Applications......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 10
1.1 The history of digital signal processing......Page 12
1.1.1 Measurements and analysis......Page 13
1.1.3 Audio and television......Page 14
1.2.1 Continuous and discrete signals......Page 15
1.2.2 Sampling and reconstruction......Page 16
1.2.3 Quantization......Page 19
1.2.4.1 Linear systems......Page 20
1.2.4.2 The difference equation model......Page 22
1.2.4.3 The state–space model......Page 23
1.2.4.4 The convolution model......Page 24
1.2.4.5 The transfer function model......Page 25
1.2.4.6 The frequency function model......Page 26
1.3.1 Filter architectures......Page 28
1.3.1.2 The recursive filter......Page 29
1.3.1.3 The lattice filter......Page 32
1.3.2 Filter synthesis......Page 33
1.3.2.1 Indirect filter synthesis......Page 37
1.3.2.2 Direct filter synthesis......Page 40
1.4 Digital control systems......Page 43
1.4.1 Proportional-integral-derivate controllers......Page 46
1.4.2.2 Pole placement controller......Page 47
Review questions......Page 49
Solved problems......Page 50
2.1.1 Encoding and modulation......Page 52
2.1.2 Number representation and companding systems......Page 55
2.2 Digital-to-analog conversion......Page 58
2.2.1 Multiplying digital-to-analog converters......Page 60
2.2.2 Integrating digital-to-analog converters......Page 64
2.2.3 Bitstream digital-to-analog converters......Page 65
2.2.4 Sample-and-hold and reconstruction filters......Page 67
2.3 Analog-to-digital conversion......Page 69
2.3.1 Anti-aliasing filters and sample-and-hold......Page 71
2.3.2 Flash analog-to-digital converters......Page 72
2.3.3 Successive approximation analog-to-digital converters......Page 73
2.3.4 Counting analog-to-digital converters......Page 75
2.3.5 Integrating analog-to-digital converters......Page 76
2.3.7 Sigma–delta analog-to-digital converters......Page 79
Summary......Page 81
Solved problems......Page 82
3.1 Introduction......Page 84
3.1.1 System structure......Page 85
3.2.1 The adaptive linear combiner......Page 86
3.2.2 The performance function......Page 88
3.3.1 The method of steepest descent......Page 91
3.3.2 Newton's method......Page 92
3.3.3 The least mean square algorithm......Page 94
3.4.1 Adaptive interference canceling......Page 95
3.4.2 Equalizers......Page 97
3.4.3 Adaptive beamforming......Page 100
Solved problems......Page 104
4.1.1 Basics......Page 106
4.1.2 Threshold decomposition......Page 107
4.1.3 Performance......Page 109
4.1.4 Applications......Page 110
4.2.2 The models......Page 111
4.2.3 Some historical notes......Page 112
4.2.4.1 Nodes......Page 113
4.2.4.2 Network topology......Page 114
4.2.4.3 Training and adaptation......Page 118
4.2.4.4 Applications......Page 121
4.2.5.1 Nodes......Page 123
4.2.5.2 Network topology......Page 124
4.2.5.3 Local and global minimum......Page 125
4.2.5.4 Applications......Page 126
4.2.6.2 The Hamming net......Page 127
4.2.6.3 The feedforward input layer......Page 128
4.2.6.4 The feedback layer, MAXNET......Page 130
4.3.1 General......Page 132
4.3.2 Membership functions......Page 133
4.3.3 Fuzzy rules and inference......Page 134
4.3.4 Defuzzification......Page 138
4.3.5 Applications......Page 139
Review questions......Page 140
Solved problems......Page 141
5.1 Discrete Fourier transform and fast Fourier transform......Page 142
5.2 Spectral analysis......Page 145
5.2.1 Discrete Fourier transform and fast Fourier transform approaches......Page 146
5.2.2 Using the auto-correlation function......Page 148
5.2.3 Periodogram averaging......Page 149
5.2.4 Parametric spectrum analysis......Page 151
5.2.5 Wavelet analysis......Page 154
5.3.1 Amplitude shift keying (ASK)......Page 157
5.3.2 Frequency shift keying (FSK)......Page 159
5.3.3 Phase shift keying (PSK)......Page 162
5.3.4 Complex modulation......Page 165
5.3.5 The Hilbert transformer......Page 167
Summary......Page 168
Solved problems......Page 169
6.1 An intuitive approach......Page 170
6.1.1 Recursive least square estimation......Page 171
6.1.2 The pseudo-inverse......Page 174
6.2.1 The signal model......Page 176
6.2.2 The filter......Page 178
6.2.3 Kalman filter properties......Page 184
Summary......Page 187
Solved problems......Page 188
7.1.1 Historic notes......Page 190
7.1.2 Information and entropy......Page 191
7.2 Source coding......Page 195
7.2.1 Huffman algorithm......Page 196
7.2.2 Delta modulation, adaptive delta modulation and continuously variable slope delta modulation......Page 199
7.2.3 Differential pulse code modulation and adaptive differential pulse code modulation......Page 201
7.2.4 Speech coding, adaptive predictive coding and sub-band coding......Page 203
7.2.5 Vocoders and linear predictive coding......Page 204
7.2.6 Image coding, joint photographics expert group (JPEG), moving pictures expert group (MPEG)......Page 208
7.2.7 The layer-3 of MPEG-1 algorithm (MP3)......Page 211
7.2.8 The Lempel–Ziv algorithm......Page 212
7.3.1 A general problem formulation......Page 214
7.3.3 Image recognition......Page 216
Summary......Page 217
Solved problems......Page 218
8.1 Channel coding......Page 220
8.1.1 The channel model......Page 221
8.1.2 The channel capacity......Page 224
8.2.1 Hamming distance and error correction......Page 226
8.2.2 Linear block codes......Page 229
8.2.3 Cyclic codes, Bose, Chaudhuri, Hocquenghem codes......Page 234
8.2.4 Convolution codes......Page 240
8.2.5 Viterbi decoding......Page 241
8.2.6 Interleaving......Page 245
8.2.7 Concatenated codes and turbo codes......Page 247
Review questions......Page 249
Solved problems......Page 250
9.1.1 Applications and requirements......Page 252
9.1.2 Hardware implementation......Page 254
9.2.1.1 Architecture......Page 257
9.2.1.2 Instruction repertoire......Page 258
9.2.2.1 Architecture......Page 259
9.2.2.3 Interface......Page 261
9.3.1 The development process......Page 262
9.3.2 Digital signal processing programming languages......Page 263
9.3.3 The program structure......Page 264
9.3.4 Arithmetic issues......Page 265
9.3.5 Data structures and addressing modes......Page 268
9.3.6 The state machine......Page 270
9.4.1 Finite impulse response-type filter......Page 276
9.4.2 Infinite impulse response-type filter......Page 283
9.5 Future systems and chips......Page 286
Solved problems......Page 287
Appendix 1 Solutions to problems......Page 290
A2.2 Basics......Page 324
A2.2.1 Some simple math......Page 326
A2.2.2.1 Scalars......Page 327
A2.2.2.2 Vectors and matrices......Page 328
A2.2.2.3 Vector and matrix computations......Page 329
A2.2.2.4 Addressing vectors and matrices......Page 331
A2.2.2.5 Sequences......Page 332
A2.2.3.1 Input......Page 334
A2.2.3.3 Graphic output......Page 335
A2.2.4.1 Conditional execution......Page 338
A2.3.1 The workspace......Page 339
A2.3.2 Scripts and m-files......Page 340
A2.3.3 Functions......Page 341
A2.4.1 Linear systems......Page 342
A2.4.2.1 Analog filter design......Page 344
A2.4.2.2 Transformations......Page 346
A2.4.2.3 Digital filter design......Page 347
A2.4.3 Fast Fourier transform and convolution......Page 348
A2.5 Simulink™......Page 349
References......Page 352
C......Page 356
F......Page 357
M......Page 358
S......Page 359
Z......Page 360
B......Page 362
D......Page 363
H......Page 364
M......Page 365
P......Page 366
S......Page 367
Z......Page 368