Digital Radio System Design

Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 15
1 Radio Communications: System Concepts, Propagation and Noise......Page 17
1.1.1 Cellular Radio Systems......Page 18
1.1.2 Short- and Medium-range Wireless Systems......Page 19
1.1.4 Satellite Communications......Page 22
1.2.1 Radio Platform......Page 23
1.2.2 Baseband Platform......Page 25
1.2.3 Implementation Challenges......Page 26
1.3.1 Linear Systems and Expansion of Signals in Orthogonal Basis Functions......Page 27
1.3.2 Random Processes......Page 28
1.3.3 White Gaussian Noise and Equivalent Noise Bandwidth......Page 31
1.3.4 Deterministic and Random Signals of Bandpass Nature......Page 32
1.4.1 Large-scale Path Loss......Page 35
1.4.3 Multipath Fading in Wideband Radio Channels......Page 38
1.5.1 Nonlinearity......Page 48
1.5.2 Noise......Page 54
1.6.2 Link Budget and its Effect on the Receiver Design......Page 60
1.7.2 Basic Operation of Linear Phase-locked Loops......Page 62
1.7.3 The Loop Filter......Page 64
1.7.4 Equations and Dynamic Behaviour of the Linearized PLL......Page 66
1.7.5 Stability of Phase-locked Loops......Page 69
1.7.6 Phase Detectors......Page 71
1.7.7 PLL Performance in the Presence of Noise......Page 75
1.7.8 Applications of Phase-locked Loops......Page 76
References......Page 78
2.1.1 Demodulation by Correlation......Page 81
2.1.2 Demodulation by Matched Filtering......Page 83
2.1.3 The Optimum Detector in the Maximum Likelihood Sense......Page 85
2.1.4 Techniques for Calculation of Average Probabilities of Error......Page 88
2.1.5 M-ary Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)......Page 89
2.1.6 Bandpass Signalling......Page 91
2.1.7 M-ary Phase Modulation......Page 98
2.1.8 Offset QPSK......Page 105
2.1.9 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation......Page 106
2.1.10 Coherent Detection for Nonideal Carrier Synchronization......Page 109
2.1.11 M-ary Frequency Shift Keying......Page 112
2.1.12 Continuous Phase FSK......Page 114
2.1.13 Minimum Shift Keying......Page 119
2.1.14 Noncoherent Detection......Page 122
2.1.15 Differentially Coherent Detection (M-DPSK)......Page 123
2.2.1 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation......Page 128
2.2.3 M-FSK Modulation......Page 129
2.2.4 Coherent Reception with Nonideal Carrier Synchronization......Page 130
2.2.5 Noncoherent M-FSK Detection......Page 132
2.3.1 Introduction......Page 133
2.3.2 Baseband Transmission Through Bandlimited Channels......Page 136
2.3.3 Bandlimited Signals for Zero ISI......Page 138
2.3.4 System Design in Band-limited Channels of Predetermined Frequency Response......Page 141
2.4.1 Introduction......Page 144
2.4.2 Sampled-time Channel Model with ISI and Whitening Filter......Page 147
2.4.3 Linear Equalizers......Page 150
2.4.4 Minimum Mean Square Error Equalizer......Page 152
2.4.5 Detection by Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation......Page 153
2.4.6 Decision Feedback Equalizer......Page 154
2.4.7 Practical Considerations......Page 155
2.4.8 Adaptive Equalization......Page 156
2.5.1 Introduction......Page 157
2.5.3 Linear Block Codes......Page 159
2.5.4 Cyclic Codes......Page 161
2.6.1 Introduction......Page 163
2.6.2 Convolutional Codes......Page 167
2.6.3 Maximum Likelihood Decoding......Page 170
2.6.4 The Viterbi Algorithm for Decoding......Page 172
2.6.5 Transfer Function for Convolutional Codes......Page 173
2.6.6 Error Performance in Convolutional Codes......Page 174
2.6.7 Turbo Codes......Page 175
2.6.8 Coded Modulation......Page 178
2.6.9 Coding and Error Correction in Fading Channels......Page 180
References......Page 184
3.1 Useful and Harmful Signals at the Receiver Front-End......Page 189
3.2 Frequency Downconversion and Image Reject Subsystems......Page 191
3.2.1 Hartley Image Reject Receiver......Page 193
3.2.2 Weaver Image Reject Receiver......Page 196
3.3 The Heterodyne Receiver......Page 199
3.4 The Direct Conversion Receiver......Page 201
3.4.1 DC Offset......Page 202
3.4.2 I–Q Mismatch......Page 204
3.4.4 1/f Noise......Page 205
3.5.1 Image Reject Architectures......Page 206
3.5.2 The Direct Conversion Architecture......Page 222
3.6 Transmitter Architectures......Page 224
3.6.1 Information Modulation and Baseband Signal Conditioning......Page 225
3.6.2 Two-stage Up-conversion Transmitters......Page 226
References......Page 227
4 Radio Frequency Circuits and Subsystems......Page 231
4.1 Role of RF Circuits......Page 232
4.2.1 Main Design Parameters of Low-noise Amplifiers......Page 235
4.2.2 LNA Configurations and Design Trade-offs......Page 238
4.3.1 Design Considerations for RF Receiver Mixers......Page 243
4.3.2 Types of Mixers......Page 244
4.3.3 Noise Figure......Page 248
4.4.1 Basic Theory......Page 251
4.4.2 High-frequency Oscillators......Page 255
4.4.3 Signal Quality in Oscillators......Page 257
4.5.1 Introduction......Page 259
4.5.2 Main Design Aspects of Frequency Synthesizers......Page 260
4.5.3 Synthesizer Architectures......Page 263
4.5.4 Critical Synthesizer Components and their Impact on the System Performance......Page 269
4.5.5 Phase Noise......Page 272
4.6.1 Interfaces of the LNA and the Mixer......Page 274
4.6.3 Matching at the Receiver Front-end......Page 277
4.7.1 General Concepts and System Aspects......Page 279
4.7.2 Power Amplifier Configurations......Page 280
4.7.3 Impedance Matching Techniques for Power Amplifiers......Page 287
References......Page 289
5.1.1 Introduction......Page 293
5.1.2 ML Estimation (for Feedback and Feed-forward) Synchronizers......Page 296
5.1.3 Feedback Frequency/Phase Estimation Algorithms......Page 298
5.1.4 Feed-forward Frequency/Phase Estimation Algorithms......Page 302
5.1.5 Feedback Timing Estimation Algorithms......Page 307
5.1.6 Feed-forward Timing Estimation Algorithms......Page 309
5.2.1 Diversity Techniques......Page 311
5.2.2 System Model......Page 312
5.2.3 Diversity in the Receiver......Page 313
5.2.4 Implementation Issues......Page 318
5.2.5 Transmitter Diversity......Page 320
5.3.1 Introduction......Page 322
5.3.2 Transceiver Model......Page 325
5.3.3 OFDM Distinct Characteristics......Page 328
5.3.4 OFDM Demodulation......Page 329
5.3.5 Windowing and Transmitted Signal......Page 330
5.3.6 Sensitivities and Shortcomings of OFDM......Page 331
5.3.7 Channel Estimation in OFDM Systems......Page 355
5.4.1 Introduction and Basic Properties......Page 358
5.4.2 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Transmission and Reception......Page 364
5.4.3 Frequency Hopping SS Transmission and Reception......Page 366
5.4.4 Spread Spectrum for Multiple Access Applications......Page 368
5.4.5 Spreading Sequences for Single-user and Multiple Access DSSS......Page 374
5.4.6 Code Synchronization for Spread Spectrum Systems......Page 379
5.4.7 The RAKE Receiver......Page 381
References......Page 384
6.1.1 The DECT Standard and Technology......Page 387
6.1.2 Modulation and Detection Techniques for DECT......Page 388
6.1.3 A DECT Modem for a Direct Conversion Receiver Architecture......Page 391
6.2.1 System Description......Page 410
6.2.2 Transmitter Design......Page 412
6.2.3 Receiver Design......Page 413
6.2.4 Simulation Results......Page 419
6.2.5 Digital Modem Implementation......Page 422
6.3.1 Introduction......Page 432
6.3.2 Channel Estimation in Hiperlan/2......Page 434
6.3.3 Timing Recovery......Page 439
6.3.4 Frequency Offset Correction......Page 440
6.3.5 Implementation and Simulation......Page 451
References......Page 454
B......Page 457
C......Page 458
D......Page 460
F......Page 462
I......Page 464
L......Page 465
M......Page 466
N......Page 467
P......Page 468
R......Page 470
S......Page 471
T......Page 473
Z......Page 474