DIGITAL INFORMATION ECOSYSTEMS: smart press

Foreword ixIntroduction xvChapter 1. How Do the Economy and the Press Influence Each Other? 11.1. The concept of media 11.2. The concept of information 31.3. The economy 71.4. A brief history of the media and press economy 71.4.1. The discreet beginnings of the media economy 81.4.2. The renewal of the media economy since the 2000s 101.5. The two "meanings" of media economics 171.5.1. Does media have an influence on the economy? 171.5.2. Does the economy influence the media sector? 251.6. Summary 32Chapter 2. Can We Trust the Press? 352.1. The credibility of media and journalists 352.1.1. Distrust of the Internet is growing 362.1.2. But criticism of journalists remains strong 372.2. Is there an informational or ideological bias in the press? 382.2.1. The measurement of an informational bias 382.2.2. Tests on U.S. media 442.2.3. The case of the Asian and European press 472.2.4. The impact of newspaper owners 482.2.5. Pluralism and competition 502.3. Summary of challenges 54Chapter 3. What are the Links between the Press and Politics? 553.1. A diminishing influence 583.2. The notion of collusion between the media and politicians 603.3. Do newspapers run elections? 623.4. The importance of press freedom 643.5. Differences between local and national press 673.5.1. The local press is more influential 673.5.2. The Internet confirms this influence 683.5.3. The case of Japan 68Chapter 4. Does the Press Need Advertisers? 714.1. Advertising-free newspapers? 734.2. Pressure from advertisers and readers 744.2.1. When advertisers apply the pressure 744.2.2. When readers put pressure on advertising 764.3. Can media say everything? 774.3.1. Seducing advertisers 774.3.2. Can media oppose an advertiser? 814.3.3. The impact of taxation 84Chapter 5. Is the Printed Newspaper Gamble Crazy? 875.1. Is it the end of printed papers in the United States? 885.1.1. Preparing for a change of era? 895.1.2. Digital reading exceeds paper reading 915.1.3. Difficult print launches 935.2. Among pure players: the free model is crumbling 955.3. The online press mainly chooses the paid model 975.4. Managing the model change 995.4.1. Absorbing the negative effects of the Web on print 1005.4.2. The copy/paste temptation 1015.5. The press in start-up mode 1045.5.1. Is the future in code? 1045.5.2. The hope of finding new resources 1065.6. Understanding the algorithmic agenda 109Chapter 6. Are There Dangerous Links between Media and Social Networks? 1156.1 The indispensable social networks. 1156.1.1. Strategies to take advantage of social networks 1176.1.2. Media at the mercy of networks 1186.1.3. The media brand is fading away behind the social network brand 1196.1.4. The problem of revenue sharing between media and social networks 1206.2. The social network eco-system 1226.2.1. The influence of social networks 1226.2.2. The way in which we inform ourselves is not unbiased 1256.2.3. The influence of social networks on decisions 1286.3. Social networks are transforming the information business 1316.3.1. Journalists in networks 1316.3.2. The role of social network algorithms 1336.3.3. The impact of social network development on the quality of information 136Chapter 7. Will Fake News Kill Information? 1397.1. From media and network initiatives to a law 1417.2. Fake news and post truth 1437.2.1. Misinformation circulates very quickly 1457.2.2. Fake news and social networks 1467.3. Why fake news? 1497.3.1. The impact of fake news and rumors 1507.3.2. Fact checking versus fake news 1527.3.3. Bad news 1537.3.4. Fake news and economic expectations 154Chapter 8. Are Robots and AI the Future of the Media? 1618.1. Robot journalists are already in action 1628.2. What is artificial intelligence? 1648.3. Research on automatic journalism 1658.3.1. From quantitative journalism to robot journalism 1668.3.2. Do readers and advertisers enjoy articles that have been written automatically? 1688.3.3. The impact of robotization 1688.3.4. What do human journalists think about it? 1698.4. How do these editorial algorithms work? 174References 179Index 205