Digital image processing

Cover......Page 1
Preface......Page 6
I Foundation......Page 14
A Tool for Science and Technique......Page 16
Examples of Applications......Page 17
Hierarchy of Image Processing Operations......Page 28
Cross-disciplinary Nature of Image Processing......Page 30
Human and Computer Vision......Page 31
Components of an Image Processing System......Page 34
Further Readings......Page 39
Spatial Representation of Digital Images......Page 42
Wave Number Space and Fourier Transform......Page 52
Discrete Unitary Transforms......Page 73
Fast Algorithms for Unitary Transforms......Page 78
Further Readings......Page 89
Introduction......Page 90
Random Variables......Page 92
Multiple Random Variables......Page 95
Probability Density Functions......Page 100
Stochastic Processes and Random Fields......Page 106
Further Readings......Page 110
Basic Properties and Purpose......Page 112
Linear Shift-Invariant Filters......Page 115
Recursive Filters......Page 128
Rank Value Filtering......Page 136
Further Readings......Page 137
Scale......Page 138
Scale Space......Page 141
Multigrid Representations......Page 149
Further Readings......Page 155
II Image Formation and Preprocessing......Page 156
Introduction......Page 158
Waves and Particles......Page 160
Radiometry, Photometry, Spectroscopy, and Color......Page 166
Interactions of Radiation with Matter......Page 175
Further Readings......Page 188
World and Camera Coordinates......Page 190
Ideal Imaging: Perspective Projection......Page 194
Real Imaging......Page 198
Radiometry of Imaging......Page 204
Linear System Theory of Imaging......Page 207
Further Readings......Page 216
Basics......Page 218
Depth from Triangulation......Page 221
Depth from Phase: Interferometry......Page 230
Shape from Shading......Page 231
Depth from Multiple Projections: Tomography......Page 237
Further Readings......Page 244
Definition and Effects of Digitization......Page 246
Image Formation, Sampling, Windowing......Page 248
Reconstruction from Samples......Page 252
Quantization......Page 256
Further Readings......Page 257
Introduction......Page 258
Homogeneous Point Operations......Page 259
Inhomogeneous Point Operations......Page 269
Multichannel Point Operations......Page 276
Geometric Transformations......Page 278
Interpolation......Page 282
Further Readings......Page 293
III Feature Extraction......Page 294
General Properties of Averaging Filters......Page 296
Box Filter......Page 299
Binomial Filter......Page 303
Filters as Networks......Page 309
Efficient Large-Scale Averaging......Page 311
Nonlinear Averaging......Page 320
Averaging in Multichannel Images......Page 326
Further Readings......Page 327
Introduction......Page 328
General Properties of Edge Filters......Page 329
Gradient-Based Edge Detection......Page 332
Edge Detection by Zero Crossings......Page 341
Regularized Edge Detection......Page 343
Edges in Multichannel Images......Page 348
Further Readings......Page 350
Introduction......Page 352
Properties of Simple Neighborhoods......Page 353
First-Order Tensor Representation......Page 357
Local Wave Number and Phase......Page 371
Tensor Representation by Quadrature Filter Sets......Page 381
Further Readings......Page 387
Introduction......Page 388
Basics......Page 389
First-Order Differential Methods......Page 404
Tensor Methods......Page 411
Second-Order Differential Methods......Page 416
Correlation Methods......Page 420
Phase Method......Page 422
Further Readings......Page 425
Introduction......Page 426
First-Order Statistics......Page 429
Rotation and Scale Variant Texture Features......Page 433
Further Readings......Page 437
IV Image Analysis......Page 438
Pixel-Based Segmentation......Page 440
Edge-Based Segmentation......Page 444
Region-Based Segmentation......Page 445
Model-Based Segmentation......Page 449
Further Readings......Page 452
Unifying Local Analysis and Global Knowledge......Page 454
Purpose and Limits of Models......Page 455
Variational Image Modeling......Page 457
Controlling Smoothness......Page 464
Diffusion Models......Page 468
Discrete Inverse Problems......Page 473
Network Models......Page 482
Inverse Filtering......Page 486
Further Readings......Page 493
Neighborhood Operations on Binary Images......Page 494
General Properties......Page 496
Composite Morphological Operators......Page 499
Further Readings......Page 507
Representation of Shape......Page 508
Moment-Based Shape Features......Page 513
Fourier Descriptors......Page 515
Shape Parameters......Page 521
Further Readings......Page 524
Introduction......Page 526
Feature Space......Page 529
Simple Classification Techniques......Page 536
Further Readings......Page 541
V Reference Part......Page 542
Reference Material......Page 544
Notation......Page 568
Bibliography......Page 576
Index......Page 588