Digital Compensation for Analog Front-Ends: A New Approach to Wireless Transceiver Design

Digital Compensation for Analog Front-Ends: A New Approach to Wireless Transceiver Design ISBN:0470517085......Page 1
Front Matter......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Contents......Page 5
Preface......Page 9
1.1 Wireless transceiver functional description......Page 10
1.2.2 Low cost analog front-end......Page 12
1.2.5 Technology scaling......Page 13
1.3.3 Emerging wireless communication systems......Page 14
1.4 Organization......Page 15
2.1 Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing......Page 17
2.2 Single-carrier with frequency domain equalization......Page 21
2.3 Multi-input multi-output OFDM......Page 23
2.3.1 Space–time block coding......Page 25
2.3.2 Space-division multiplexing......Page 26
2.3.3 Space-division multiple access......Page 29
2.4.1 Direct-sequence code-division multiple access......Page 31
2.4.2 Multi-carrier code-division multiple access......Page 32
2.4.3 Cyclic-prefix code-division multiple access......Page 33
2.5.1 Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access......Page 36
2.5.2 Single-carrier frequency-division multiple access......Page 38
References......Page 41
3 Real Life Front-Ends......Page 44
3.1.1 Mathematical model of the ideal transmitter and receiver......Page 45
3.1.2 Classification of architectures......Page 46
3.1.3 Super-heterodyne architecture with analog quadrature......Page 47
3.1.4 Super-heterodyne architecture with digital quadrature......Page 48
3.1.5 Direct conversion architecture......Page 50
3.2.1 Amplifiers......Page 51
3.2.2 Mixers and local oscillators......Page 52
3.2.3 A/D and D/A converters......Page 53
3.3.1 Nonlinear amplifiers......Page 54
3.3.2 Noise in amplifiers (AWGN)......Page 60
3.3.3 Carrier frequency offset......Page 62
3.3.4 Phase noise......Page 63
3.3.5 IQ imbalance......Page 65
3.3.6 DC offset......Page 70
3.3.7 Quantization noise and clipping......Page 71
3.3.8 Sampling clock offset......Page 72
3.3.9 Sampling jitter......Page 74
References......Page 76
4 Impact of the Non-Ideal Front-Ends on the System Performance......Page 77
4.1 OFDM system in the presence of carrier frequency offset, sample clock offset and IQ imbalance......Page 78
4.1.1 Model of the non-idealities in the frequency domain......Page 79
4.1.2 Effect of carrier frequency offset......Page 83
4.1.3 Effect of sample clock offset......Page 86
4.1.4 Effect of IQ imbalance......Page 88
4.1.5 Combination of effects......Page 90
4.1.6 Extension to the frequency-dependent IQ imbalance......Page 92
4.2 SC-FDE system in the presence of carrier frequency offset, sample clock offset and IQ imbalance......Page 95
4.2.1 Effect of carrier frequency offset......Page 96
4.2.2 Effect of sample clock offset......Page 97
4.2.3 Effect of IQ imbalance......Page 99
4.3 Comparison of the sensitivity of OFDM and SC-FDE to CFO, SCO and IQ imbalance......Page 101
4.4.1 System model......Page 104
4.4.2 Impact of the PN......Page 105
4.4.3 Numerical analysis......Page 107
4.5.1 Clipping......Page 109
4.5.2 Quantization......Page 112
4.5.3 Clipping and quantization in frequency selective channels......Page 113
4.5.4 Spectral regrowth with clipping......Page 114
4.5.5 Power amplifier nonlinearity......Page 116
4.5.6 Spectral regrowth with PA nonlinearity......Page 117
4.6 SC-FDE system in the presence of clipping, quantization and nonlinearity......Page 118
4.6.2 Spectral regrowth with clipping at the transmitter......Page 119
4.6.3 Spectral regrowth with nonlinear PA......Page 122
4.7.1 Impact of CFO and SCO on MIMO-OFDM......Page 123
4.7.2 Sensitivity of STBC and MRC to CFO......Page 126
4.7.3 Antenna mismatch and the reciprocity assumption......Page 128
4.8 Multi-user systems......Page 132
4.8.1 MC-CDMA versus OFDMA......Page 134
4.8.2 User dependent non-idealities......Page 137
References......Page 139
5.1 Definition of the generic OFDM system......Page 141
5.1.1 Frame description......Page 142
5.1.2 OFDM receiver description......Page 144
5.2 Burst detection......Page 146
5.2.1 Energy-based detection......Page 147
5.2.2 Auto-correlation-based detection......Page 149
5.3 AGC setting (amplitude estimation)......Page 150
5.4 Coarse timing estimation......Page 152
5.5 Coarse CFO estimation......Page 155
5.6 Fine timing estimation......Page 156
5.7 Fine CFO estimation......Page 157
5.8 Complexity of auto- and cross-correlation......Page 158
5.9 Joint CFO and IQ imbalance acquisition......Page 159
5.9.1 System model......Page 160
5.9.2 Likelihood function and its second-order approximation......Page 163
5.9.3 ML estimate of the CFO in the absence of IQ imbalance......Page 164
5.9.4 EM algorithm for the joint CFO and IQ imbalance estimation......Page 165
5.9.5 Implementation......Page 167
5.9.6 Performance and complexity analysis......Page 169
5.10 Joint channel and frequency-dependent IQ imbalance estimation......Page 174
5.10.1 System model......Page 175
5.10.2 ML channel estimation......Page 176
5.10.3 Performance and complexity analysis......Page 177
5.10.4 Frequency-dependent IQ imbalance compensation......Page 178
5.11.1 Estimation of residual CFO/SCO......Page 180
5.11.2 CFO tracking loop......Page 181
5.11.3 SCO tracking loop......Page 185
References......Page 188
6 EmergingWireless Communication Systems......Page 190
6.1.1 Context......Page 191
6.1.2 System description......Page 193
6.1.3 Main challenges and usual solutions......Page 199
6.1.4 Compensation of non-reciprocity......Page 208
6.2.1 Context......Page 210
6.2.2 System description......Page 212
6.2.3 Main challenges and usual solutions......Page 215
6.2.4 Advanced channel tracking......Page 217
References......Page 228
Appendices......Page 230
A MMSE Linear Detector......Page 231
References......Page 232
B ML Channel Estimator......Page 233
References......Page 234
C.1.1 Global RX non-idealities......Page 235
C.1.2 Receiver noise......Page 237
C.1.4 Phase noise......Page 238
C.1.6 Receive IQ imbalance......Page 241
C.1.7 Sampling clock offset......Page 242
C.1.8 Clipping and quantization......Page 245
C.2.1 Global TX non-idealities......Page 246
C.2.2 Clipping and quantization......Page 247
C.2.3 Transmit IQ imbalance......Page 248
C.2.7 Nonlinear power amplifier......Page 249
D Mathematical Conventions......Page 251
E Abbreviations......Page 253
Index......Page 257