Digital and analog communication systems

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Abbreviations......Page 2
CONTENTS......Page 6
PREFACE......Page 16
LIST OF SYMBOLS......Page 20
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 26
1–1 Historical Perspective......Page 28
1–2 Digital and Analog Sources and Systems......Page 30
1–3 Deterministic and Random Waveforms......Page 31
1–4 Organization of the Book......Page 32
1–6 Block Diagram of a Communication System......Page 33
1–7 Frequency Allocations......Page 35
1–8 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves......Page 37
1–9 Information Measure......Page 42
1–10 Channel Capacity and Ideal Communication Systems......Page 44
1–11 Coding......Page 45
Block Codes......Page 46
Convolutional Codes......Page 48
Code Performance......Page 51
Trellis-Coded Modulation......Page 53
1–13 Study-Aid Examples......Page 55
Problems......Page 56
2–1 Properties of Signals and Noise......Page 59
Physically Realizable Waveforms......Page 60
Time Average Operator......Page 61
DC Value......Page 62
Power......Page 63
RMS Value and Normalized Power......Page 65
Decibel......Page 66
Phasors......Page 68
Definition......Page 69
Properties of Fourier Transforms......Page 73
Parseval’s Theorem and Energy Spectral Density......Page 74
Dirac Delta Function and Unit Step Function......Page 77
Rectangular and Triangular Pulses......Page 80
Convolution......Page 85
Power Spectral Density......Page 88
Autocorrelation Function......Page 90
2–4 Orthogonal Series Representation of Signals and Noise......Page 92
Orthogonal Functions......Page 93
Orthogonal Series......Page 94
Complex Fourier Series......Page 96
Quadrature Fourier Series......Page 97
Polar Fourier Series......Page 99
Line Spectra for Periodic Waveforms......Page 100
Power Spectral Density for Periodic Waveforms......Page 105
Impulse Response......Page 107
Transfer Function......Page 108
Distortionless Transmission......Page 111
2–7 Bandlimited Signals and Noise......Page 114
Sampling Theorem......Page 115
Impulse Sampling and Digital Signal Processing......Page 118
Dimensionality Theorem......Page 120
2–8 Discrete Fourier Transform......Page 122
Using the DFT to Compute the Continuous Fourier Transform......Page 123
Using the DFT to Compute the Fourier Series......Page 128
2–9 Bandwidth of Signals......Page 130
2–10 Summary......Page 137
2–11 Study-Aid Examples......Page 138
Problems......Page 142
3–1 Introduction......Page 157
Natural Sampling (Gating)......Page 158
Instantaneous Sampling (Flat-Top PAM)......Page 162
3–3 Pulse Code Modulation......Page 166
Sampling, Quantizing, and Encoding......Page 167
Practical PCM Circuits......Page 170
Bandwidth of PCM Signals......Page 171
Effects of Noise......Page 173
Nonuniform Quantizing: μ-Law and A-Law Companding......Page 177
3–4 Digital Signaling......Page 180
Vector Representation......Page 182
Binary Signaling......Page 185
Multilevel Signaling......Page 187
Binary Line Coding......Page 189
Power Spectra for Binary Line Codes......Page 192
Differential Coding......Page 199
Eye Patterns......Page 200
Regenerative Repeaters......Page 201
Bit Synchronization......Page 203
Power Spectra for Multilevel Polar NRZ Signals......Page 206
Spectral Efficiency......Page 209
3–6 Intersymbol Interference......Page 210
Nyquist’s First Method (Zero ISI)......Page 213
Raised Cosine-Rolloff Nyquist Filtering......Page 214
3–7 Differential Pulse Code Modulation......Page 219
3–8 Delta Modulation......Page 223
Granular Noise and Slope Overload Noise......Page 226
Adaptive Delta Modulation and Continuously Variable Slope Delta Modulation......Page 228
Speech Coding......Page 229
Frame Synchronization......Page 231
Synchronous and Asynchronous Lines......Page 235
TDM Hierarchy......Page 238
The T1 PCM System......Page 240
3–10 Packet Transmission System......Page 244
3–11 Pulse Time Modulation: Pulse Width Modulation and Pulse Position Modulation......Page 245
3–13 Study-Aid Examples......Page 249
Problems......Page 253
4–1 Complex Envelope Representation of Bandpass Waveforms......Page 262
Complex Envelope Representation......Page 263
4–3 Spectrum of Bandpass Signals......Page 266
4–4 Evaluation of Power......Page 270
Equivalent Low-Pass Filter......Page 273
Linear Distortion......Page 275
4–6 Bandpass Sampling Theorem......Page 277
Filters......Page 279
Amplifiers......Page 283
4–9 Nonlinear Distortion......Page 284
4–10 Limiters......Page 289
4–11 Mixers, Up Converters, and Down Converters......Page 291
4–12 Frequency Multipliers......Page 297
Envelope Detector......Page 299
Product Detector......Page 300
Frequency Modulation Detector......Page 302
4–14 Phase-Locked Loops and Frequency Synthesizers......Page 307
Generalized Transmitters......Page 315
Generalized Receiver: The Superheterodyne Receiver......Page 317
Zero-IF Receivers......Page 321
4–17 Software Radios......Page 322
4–19 Study-Aid Examples......Page 324
Problems......Page 330
5 AM, FM, AND DIGITAL MODULATED SYSTEMS......Page 338
5–1 Amplitude Modulation......Page 339
5–2 AM Broadcast Technical Standards and Digital AM Broadcasting......Page 344
Digital AM Broadcasting......Page 345
5–3 Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier......Page 346
5–4 Costas Loop and Squaring Loop......Page 347
Single Sideband......Page 349
Vestigial Sideband......Page 353
Representation of PM and FM Signals......Page 356
Spectra of Angle-Modulated Signals......Page 361
Narrowband Angle Modulation......Page 366
Wideband Frequency Modulation......Page 367
Preemphasis and Deemphasis in Angle-Modulated Systems......Page 371
5–7 Frequency-Division Multiplexing and FM Stereo......Page 373
Digital FM Broadcasting......Page 376
On-Off Keying (OOK)......Page 378
Binary Phase-Shift Keying (BPSK)......Page 382
Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK)......Page 384
5–10 Multilevel Modulated Bandpass Signaling......Page 391
Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying and M-ary Phase-Shift Keying......Page 392
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)......Page 395
OQPSK and π/4 QPSK......Page 396
PSD for MPSK, QAM, QPSK, OQPSK, and π/4 QPSK......Page 399
Spectral Efficiency for MPSK, QAM, QPSK, OQPSK, and π/4 QPSK with Raised Cosine Filtering......Page 401
5–11 Minimum-Shift Keying and GMSK......Page 403
5–12 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)......Page 410
5–13 Spread Spectrum Systems......Page 413
Direct Sequence......Page 414
Frequency Hopping......Page 421
5–15 Study-Aid Examples......Page 422
Problems......Page 426
6 RANDOM PROCESSES AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS......Page 439
Random Processes......Page 440
Stationarity and Ergodicity......Page 441
Correlation Functions and Wide-Sense Stationarity......Page 445
Complex Random Processes......Page 448
Definition......Page 449
Wiener-Khintchine Theorem......Page 451
Properties of the PSD......Page 453
General Formula for the PSD of Digital Signals......Page 458
White-Noise Processes......Page 460
Measurement of PSD......Page 461
6–3 DC and RMS Values for Ergodic Random Processes......Page 462
Input-Output Relationships......Page 464
RMS Bandwidth......Page 469
6–6 The Gaussian Random Process......Page 471
Properties of Gaussian Processes......Page 473
Bandpass Representations......Page 475
Properties of WSS Bandpass Processes......Page 479
Proofs of Some Properties......Page 484
General Results......Page 489
Results for White Noise......Page 491
Correlation Processing......Page 494
Transversal Matched Filter......Page 496
6–9 Summary......Page 500
6–10 Appendix: Proof of Schwarz’s Inequality......Page 502
6–11 Study-Aid Examples......Page 504
Problems......Page 506
7 PERFORMANCE OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS CORRUPTED BY NOISE......Page 517
General Results......Page 518
Results for Gaussian Noise......Page 520
Results for White Gaussian Noise and Matched-Filter Reception......Page 522
Results for Colored Gaussian Noise and Matched-Filter Reception......Page 523
Unipolar Signaling......Page 524
Bipolar Signaling......Page 527
On-Off Keying......Page 529
Binary-Phase-Shift Keying......Page 531
Frequency-Shift Keying......Page 532
On-Off Keying......Page 536
Frequency-Shift Keying......Page 540
Differential Phase-Shift Keying......Page 542
7–5 Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying and Minimum-Shift Keying......Page 544
Bit-Error Rate and Bandwidth......Page 546
Symbol Error and Bit Error for Multilevel Signaling......Page 548
Synchronization......Page 549
7–7 Output Signal-to-Noise Ratio for PCM Systems......Page 550
7–8 Output Signal-to-Noise Ratios for Analog Systems......Page 555
Comparison with Baseband Systems......Page 556
AM Systems with Product Detection......Page 557
AM Systems with Envelope Detection......Page 558
SSB Systems......Page 560
PM Systems......Page 561
FM Systems......Page 565
FM Systems with Threshold Extension......Page 568
FM Systems with Deemphasis......Page 570
Ideal System Performance......Page 573
7–11 Study-Aid Examples......Page 576
Problems......Page 585
8–1 The Explosive Growth of Telecommunications......Page 594
Historical Basis......Page 595
Modern Telephone Systems and Remote Terminals......Page 596
8–3 Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL)......Page 602
G.DMT and G.Lite Digital Subscriber Lines......Page 603
Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN)......Page 605
8–5 Satellite Communication Systems......Page 608
Digital and Analog Television Transmission......Page 612
Data and Telephone Signal Multiple Access......Page 614
Satellite Radio Broadcasting......Page 620
Signal Power Received......Page 622
Thermal Noise Sources......Page 625
Characterization of Noise Sources......Page 626
Noise Characterization of Linear Devices......Page 627
Noise Characterization of Cascaded Linear Devices......Page 632
Link Budget Evaluation......Page 634
E[sub(b)]/N[sub(0)] Link Budget for Digital Systems......Page 637
Path Loss for Urban Wireless Environments......Page 638
8–7 Fiber-Optic Systems......Page 643
8–8 Cellular Telephone Systems......Page 645
First Generation (1G)—The AMPS Analog Circuit-switched System......Page 649
Second Generation (2G)—The Digital Circuit-switched Systems......Page 651
Fourth Generation (4G)—Digital with Packet Switching......Page 654
Analog Black-and-White Television......Page 655
Analog Color Television......Page 662
Standards for TV and CATV Systems......Page 666
Digital TV (DTV)......Page 674
8–10 Cable Data Modems......Page 678
WiFi......Page 680
WiMAX......Page 681
8–13 Study-Aid Examples......Page 682
Problems......Page 687
Trigonometric Identities and Complex Numbers......Page 694
Derivative Table......Page 695
Definition......Page 696
Indefinite Integrals......Page 697
Definite Integrals......Page 698
Infinite Series......Page 699
A–8 The Dirac Delta Function......Page 700
Properties of Dirac Delta Functions......Page 701
A–9 Tabulation of Sa (x) = (sin x)/x......Page 702
A–10 Tabulation of Q (z)......Page 703
B–1 Introduction......Page 705
B–2 Sets......Page 706
Simple Probability......Page 707
Joint Probability......Page 708
Conditional Probabilities......Page 709
B–5 Cumulative Distribution Functions and Probability Density Functions......Page 710
Discrete and Continuous Distributions......Page 713
Ensemble Average......Page 717
Moments......Page 718
Binomial Distribution......Page 720
Gaussian Distribution......Page 723
Sinusoidal Distribution......Page 728
B–8 Functional Transformations of Random Variables......Page 729
Multivariate CDFs and PDFs......Page 734
Bivariate Statistics......Page 736
Multivariate Functional Transformation......Page 737
Central Limit Theorem......Page 740
Problems......Page 741
APPENDIX C: USING MATLAB......Page 748
C–2 Quick Start for Running M-Files......Page 749
C–3 Programming in MATLAB......Page 750
REFERENCES......Page 752
ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS......Page 764
A......Page 772
B......Page 773
C......Page 774
D......Page 775
E......Page 776
F......Page 777
I......Page 778
L......Page 779
M......Page 780
O......Page 781
P......Page 782
R......Page 783
S......Page 784
T......Page 786
Z......Page 787