Dietary Interventions in Gastrointestinal Diseases: Foods, Nutrients, and Dietary Supplements

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Dietary Interventions in Gastrointestinal Diseases: Foods, Nutrients, and Dietary Supplements
Copyright
List of Contributors
Biography
Acknowledgments
Section I: Background and Overview of Diet and GI Tract Health
1 - Plant Family, Carvacrol, and Putative Protection in Gastric Cancer
	1. Plant Family and Phytochemicals
		1.1 General Properties of Dietary Phytochemicals
		1.2 Classification of Phytochemicals
		1.3 Mechanisms of Phytochemicals in Cancer Chemoprevention
	2. Carvacrol
		2.1 Carvacrol as a Molecule
		2.2 Carvacrol Sources
		2.3 Chemical and Physical Properties of Carvacrol
		2.4 Metabolism and Excretion of Carvacrol
		2.5 Acute Toxicity of Carvacrol
		2.6 Biological Activities of Carvacrol
			2.6.1 Antioxidant Activity
			2.6.2 Prooxidant Activity
			2.6.3 Antimicrobial Activity: Antiviral, Antibacterial, and Antifungal
			2.6.4 Anticarcinogenic and Antiplatelet Effects
			2.6.5 Chemopreventive Effect
			2.6.6 Antiinflammatory and Antihypernociceptive Effects
			2.6.7 Hepatoprotective Effect
			2.6.8 Antispasmodic and Antitussive Effect
			2.6.9 Antiobesity Effect
	3. Dietary Phytochemicals in Gastric Cancer Chemoprevention
	4. Gastric Cancer
		4.1 Anatomy and Physiology
		4.2 Epidemiology of Gastric Cancer
		4.3 Etiology of Gastric Cancer
		4.4 Pathology of Gastric Cancer
		4.5 Types of Gastric Cancer
		4.6 Stages of Gastric Cancer
		4.7 Clinical Symptoms
		4.8 Diagnosis of Gastric Cancer
		4.9 Treatments
			4.9.1 Surgical Treatment
			4.9.2 Adjuvant Chemotherapy
			4.9.3 Radiotherapy
			4.9.4 Complementary and Alternative Therapies
	References
2 - The Physics of Fiber in the Gastrointestinal Tract: Laxation, Antidiarrheal, and Irritable Bowel Syndrome
	1. Introduction
	2. Chronic Idiopathic Constipation
		2.1 Most Fibers Have No Laxative Effect, and at Least Four Can Be Constipating
		2.2 Insoluble Fiber/Wheat Bran and Laxation
		2.3 Soluble Gel-Forming Fiber/Psyllium and Laxation
		2.4 Misconceptions About Fiber and Laxation
		2.5 Summary: Fiber and Laxation
	3. Antidiarrheal Effects of Fiber
		3.1 Fermented Fibers/Prebiotics and Treatment/Prevention of Diarrhea
		3.2 Prebiotics: Traveler’s Diarrhea, Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea, and Clostridium difficile–Associated Diarrhea
		3.3 Fermented Fibers/Prebiotics and Enteral Nutrition–Induced Diarrhea
		3.4 Mixed Fibers and Enteral Nutrition–Induced Diarrhea
		3.5 Gel-Forming Fibers and Treatment/Prevention of Diarrhea
			3.5.1 Guar Gum and Treatment/Prevention of Diarrhea
			3.5.2 Psyllium and Treatment/Prevention of Diarrhea
			3.5.3 Psyllium and Enteral Nutrition–Induced Diarrhea
	4. Fiber and Irritable Bowel Syndrome
		4.1 Fermentable Fiber/Prebiotics and Irritable Bowel Syndrome
		4.2 Insoluble Wheat Bran and Irritable Bowel Syndrome
		4.3 Guar Gum and Irritable Bowel Syndrome
		4.4 Calcium Polycarbophil and Irritable Bowel Syndrome
		4.5 Psyllium and Irritable Bowel Syndrome
		4.6 Summary: Fiber and Irritable Bowel Syndrome
		4.7 Recommendation to Begin Fiber Therapy Gradually
	5. Overall Conclusions for Fiber and Laxation, Antidiarrheal, and Irritable Bowel Syndrome
	References
3 - Dietary Interventions and Inflammatory Bowel Disease
	1. Introduction
		1.1 Clinical Manifestations and Complications of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
	2. Nutritional Issues/Common Problems in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
		2.1 Vitamin D Deficiency in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
		2.2 Anemia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
	3. Nutritional Assessment
	4. Nutritional Interventions in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
	5. Some Popular Dietary Intervention in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
		5.1 Enteral Nutrition in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
			5.1.1 Low FODMAPs Diet
			5.1.2 The Specific Carbohydrate Diet in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
			5.1.3 Gluten-Free Diet in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
			5.1. 4
n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
			5.1.5 Probiotics in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
		5.2 Dietary Recommendations in Practice
	6. Conclusions
	References
4 - The Gastrointestinal System and Obesity
	1. Introduction
		1.1 Obesity: Definition, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
	2. Gastrointestinal Regulation of Food Intake
		2.1 The Gastrointestinal Tract in Regulation of Food Intake and Regulation of Energy Balance
			2.1.1 Brain-Gut Axis
			2.1.2 Gastric Function
			2.1.3 Enteroendocrine Cells
			2.1.4 Luminal Enteroendocrine Cells Secretagogues: Bile Acids, Short-Chain Fatty Acids, and Nutrients
			2.1.5 Microbiome
			2.1.6 Taste
	3. Complication of Obesity in Gastrointestinal Tract
		3.1 Oral Disease
			3.1.1 Tongue
		3.2 Esophagus
			3.2.1 GERD-NERD
			3.2.2 Barrett’s Esophagus
			3.2.3 Esophageal Cancer
			3.2.4 Esophageal Dysmotility
		3.3 Stomach
			3.3.1 Gastritis
			3.3.2 Gastroparesis
			3.3.3 Rapid Gastric Motility
			3.3.4 Peptic Ulcer Disease
			3.3.5 Gastric Cancer
		3.4 Small Intestine
			3.4.1 Irritable Bowel Syndrome
			3.4.2 Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth
			3.4.3 Celiac Disease
			3.4.4 Inflammatory Bowel Disease
		3.5 Colon
			3.5.1 Ischemic Colitis
			3.5.2 Clostridium difficile Infection
			3.5.3 Diverticular Disease
			3.5.4 Colonic Polyps
			3.5.5 Colorectal Cancer
		3.6 Anorectal
			3.6.1 Pelvic Floor Disorders
		3.7 Pancreas
			3.7.1 Pancreatitis
			3.7.2 Pancreatic Tumors
		3.8 Liver Disease
			3.8.1 Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
			3.8.2 Hepatocellular Carcinoma
	4. Treatment of Obesity Focused in the Gastrointestinal Tract
		4.1 Diets
		4.2 Drugs
			4.2.1 Central-Acting Drugs
			4.2.2 Gastrointestinal Tract–Only Drugs
		4.3 Bariatric Procedures
			4.3.1 Bariatric Endoscopy
			4.3.2 Bariatric Surgery
	5. Conclusions
	Disclosures
	References
5 - Constipation: A Symptom of Chronic Food Intolerance?
	1. Introduction
	2. Chronic Constipation
		2.1 Definition
		2.2 Epidemiology
		2.3 Etiology
			2.3.1 Functional Constipation
			2.3.2 Organic Constipation
		2.4 Clinical Assessment
		2.5 Current Management Practices
	3. Emerging Views of Pediatric Chronic Constipation
		3.1 The Nuclear Colonic Transit Study
		3.2 Colonic Dysmotility Subtypes
		3.3 Slow-Transit Constipation
			3.3.1 Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation
		3.4 Rapid-Transit Constipation
	4. Adverse Food Reactions and Chronic Constipation
		4.1 Adverse Food Reactions
			4.1.1 Food Allergy
			4.1.2 Food Intolerance
		4.2 Adverse Food Reactions (AFR’s) and Chronic Constipation
		4.3 Exclusion Diet as a Management Strategy for Chronic Constipation
	5. Conclusion
	References
6 - Food, Nutrients, and Dietary Supplements in Management of Disorders of Gut–Brain Interaction, Formerly Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
	1. Introduction
	2. Reflux Hypersensitivity and Functional Heartburn
	3. Functional Dyspepsia
	4. Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Functional Constipation
	5. Summary
	References
7 - Vitamin D and Quality of Life of Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome
	1. Introduction
	2. Health-Related Quality of Life of Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients
	3. Functions of Vitamin D
	4. Vitamin D Deficiency in Irritable Bowel Syndrome
	5. Vitamin D and Quality of Life in Irritable Bowel Syndrome
	6. Discussion
	7. Conclusions
	List of Abbreviations
	References
Section II: Nutrition and GI Tract
8 - Sealing the Leaky Gut Represents a Beneficial Mechanism of Zinc Intervention for Alcoholic Liver Disease
	1. Introduction
	2. Gut Barrier Dysfunction in the Development of Alcoholic Liver Disease
		2.1 Alcohol-Induced Gut Hyperpermeability
		2.2 Bacterial Translocation and Hepatic Signaling in Alcoholic Liver Disease
	3. Zinc Metabolism and Function
		3.1 Physiological Functions of Zinc
		3.2 Regulation of Zinc Homeostasis
	4. Zinc Deficiency in Alcoholic Liver Disease
		4.1 Occurrence of Zinc Deficiency in Alcoholic Liver Disease
		4.2 Mechanisms of Alcohol-Induced Zinc Deficiency
		4.3 Effects of Zinc Deficiency on the Liver
		4.4 Effects of Zinc Deficiency on the Gut Barrier
	5. Zinc Intervention for Alcoholic Liver Disease
		5.1 Dietary Zinc Supplementation Prevents Alcohol-Induced Endotoxemia and Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction
		5.2 Dietary Zinc Supplementation Restores the Function of Intestinal HNF-4α
		5.3 Dietary Zinc Supplementation Reduces Endotoxin Levels in the Intestinal Lumen
	6. Conclusion
	References
9 - Exclusive Enteral Nutrition in Children With Crohn’s Disease: A Focused Nutritional Intervention
	1. Introduction
	2. Crohn’s Disease
	3. Nutritional Impact of Chron’s Disease in Children
	4. Exclusive Enteral Nutrition
		4.1 Typical Exclusive Enteral Nutrition Protocol
		4.2 Exclusive Enteral Nutrition and Induction of Remission
		4.3 Other Benefits of Exclusive Enteral Nutrition
		4.4 Adverse Effects of Exclusive Enteral Nutrition
		4.5 EEN for Complicated CD
		4.6 Maintenance EN to Maintain Remission/Prevent Relapse
	5. Mechanisms of Action of Exclusive Enteral Nutrition
		5.1 Putative Mechanisms of Action of Exclusive Enteral Nutrition
		5.2 Exclusive Enteral Nutrition and the Intestinal Microbiota
		5.3 EEN Has Direct Antiinflammatory Effects and Enhances Barrier Function in Epithelial Cells
	6. Conclusions
	References
10 - Gut Microbes in Liver Diseases: Dietary Intervention for Promoting Hepatic Health
	1. Introduction
	2. Gut Microbiota
		2.1 Gut Homeostasis
		2.2 Gut Dysbiosis
	3. Gut Microbiota and Liver
		3.1 Liver as Vascular Sentinel of the Immune System
		3.2 Gut-Liver Axis
		3.3 Factors Affecting the Gut Microbiota in Liver Disease
			3.3.1 Environmental Factors Influencing Gut Microbiota in Liver Disease
			3.3.2 Host-Associated Genotype Factors Leading to Gut Dysbiosis
			3.3.3 Dysregulation in Mucosal Immune System
	4. Liver Diseases and Role of Gut Microbiota
		4.1 Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
		4.2 Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
		4.3 Hepatic Fibrogenesis
		4.4 Hepatic Encephalopathy
		4.5 Viral Hepatitis
		4.6 Hepatocellular Carcinoma
		4.7 Liver Cirrhosis
		4.8 Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
	5. Dietary Intervention Strategies for Liver Diseases
		5.1 Probiotic Therapy
		5.2 Probiotic-Based Intervention for Promoting Hepatic Health
		5.3 Prebiotics
	6. Future Prospects
	List of Abbreviations
	Acknowledgments
	References
Section III: Probiotics, Prebiotics, Symbiotics in Intestinal Functions
11 - Feasible Options to Control Colonization of Enteric Pathogens With Designed Synbiotics
	1. Introduction
	2. Probiotics and Its Role in the Prevention of Enteric Pathogen Colonization
		2.1 Environment of the Gut Flora
		2.2 Interaction Between Probiotics and Intestinal Epithelial Barrier
		2.3 Strengthening of the Epithelial Barrier
		2.4 Application of Probiotics in Prevention of Enteric Bacterial Infections
	3. Probiotics and Its Antimicrobial Role in Reduction of Enteric Bacterial Pathogen Growth
		3.1 Probiotics Producing Antimicrobial Substances
		3.2 Antimicrobial Action by Probiotics
		3.3 Antimicrobial Activity of Probiotics in Food Products
	4. Combined Effect of Pre- and Probiotic and Its Limitation
		4.1 The Combined Effects in Form of Synbiotics
		4.2 Mechanisms of Synbiotics in Preventing Enteric Diseases
		4.3 The Double Inhibitory Actions by Synbiotics
		4.4 Limitations of Synbiotics Application
	5. Feasible Alternative to Overcome the Limitation of Symbiotic
		5.1 Alternative Functional Ingredients to Probiotics
		5.2 Limitation in Prebiotics and Potential Solutions
		5.3 Antimicrobials’ Potential in Combinational Alternatives
	6. Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
12 - The Role of Prebiotics in Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
	1. Concept of Prebiotics
	2. Modulation of Gut Microbiota
	3. Prebiotics Effects in Human Health
		3.1 Production of Short-Chain Fatty Acids
		3.2 Colon Cancer
		3.3 Inflammatory Bowel Disease
		3.4 Cardiovascular Disease
		3.5 Type II Diabetes and Glycemic Control
		3.6 Weight Management
		3.7 Immune Function
	4. Synbiotic Approach
	5. Insight Into Prebiotics Effect on the Growth of Harmful Bacteria
	6. Conclusions and Future Directions
	Acknowledgments
	References
13 - Probiotics From Food Products and Gastrointestinal Health
	1. Introduction
	2. Probiotic Concept
	3. Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics
		3.1 Antimicrobial Effects
		3.2 Enhancement of Mucosal Barrier Integrity
		3.3 Immune Modulation
	4. Dietary Interventions of Probiotics in Gastrointestinal Disorders
	5. Probiotic Functional Foods, Status, and Claims
	6. Conclusions
	List of Abbreviations
	References
14 - Prebiotics for Gastrointestinal Infections and Acute Diarrhea
	1. Introduction
	2. Gastrointestinal Infections
	3. Prebiotics: Types and Mechanisms of Action
		3.1 Definition and Types of Prebiotics
		3.2 Mechanisms of Action in the Protection of Gastrointestinal Infections
		3.3 Microbiota-Dependent Mechanisms
		3.4 Microbiota-Independent Mechanisms
	4. Prebiotics in Gastrointestinal Diseases
		4.1 In Vitro Evidences
		4.2 Evidences in Animal Models of Infection
		4.3 Prebiotics in Human Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract
	5. Conclusions
	List of Abbreviations
	References
15 - Probiotics and Applications to Constipation
	1. The Role of Microbiota in Gut Motility
	2. Gut Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Health
	3. Microbiota Alterations in Functional Constipation
	4. Probiotics in the Management of Functional Constipation
	5. Conclusions
	References
16 - New Functional Properties of Fermented Rice Bran in Food Processing and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Model Mice
	1. Introduction
	2. Preparation of Fermented Rice Bran for Ammonia Reduction in Shark Meat
	3. Effect of Fermented Rice Bran on Ammonia Content and Preference Ranking in Shark and Other Fish Meat
	4. Dietary and Lifestyle Disease Indices and Cecal Microbiota in High-Fat Diet, Dietary Fiber-Free Diet, or DSS-Induced IBD Model...
	5. Protective Effects of FRB in DSS-Induced IBD Model ICR Mice
		5.1 Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Properties
		5.2 Immune Promotion and Antiinflammation Activity in Murine Macrophage RAW264.7 Cells
		5.3 Protective Effects of FRB-AES in DSS-Induced IBD Model ICR Mice
	6. Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
	Further Reading
Section IV: Microbes and GI Tract
17 - Zataria multiflora and Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders
	1. Introduction
	2. Beneficial Effects of ZM on Different Gastrointestinal Tract Diseases
		2.1 Stomatitis and Intraoral Ulcers
		2.2 Gastric or Duodenal Ulcers
		2.3 Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Inflammatory Bowel Disease
		2.4 Intestinal Infections
		2.5 Colon Cancer Chemopreventive Effect
		2.6 Hepatoprotective Effects
	2.7 Road Mapping for Future Studies and Conclusion
	References
18 - Influence of a Cocoa-Enriched Diet on the Intestinal Immune System and Microbiota
	1. Introduction
	2. Cocoa Composition
	3. Cocoa and Gut Microbiota
		3.1 Role of Cocoa Flavonoids on Cocoa Microbiota Influence
		3.2 Cocoa Fiber and Microbiota
		3.3 Cocoa Theobromine and Microbiota
	4. Cocoa and the Intestinal Immune System
		4.1 Cocoa and the Intestinal Epithelium
		4.2 Cocoa and the Intestinal Immunoglobulin A
		4.3 Cocoa and Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Populations
	5. Cocoa in Gastrointestinal Disease and Food Hypersensitivity
		5.1 Influence of Cocoa Intake in Intestinal Inflammation
		5.2 Food Allergy
	6. Conclusions
	List of Abbreviations
	References
Section V: Foods and Macro Dietary Materials in GI Function
19 - High-Fiber Diets in Gastrointestinal Tract Diseases
	1. Basic Concepts: Dietary Fiber
	2. Gastrointestinal Tract and Microbiota Interaction
	3. Stomach and Gastritis
		3.1 High-Fiber Diet in Gastritis
	4. Inflammatory Bowel Disease
		4.1 Microbiota and Inflammatory Bowel Disease
		4.2 Dietary Fiber in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
	5. Mucositis
		5.1 Microbiota and Mucositis
		5.2 Dietary Fiber in Mucositis
	6. Conclusion
	References
20 - Dietary Interventions in Fatty Liver
	1. Introduction
	2. Soy
	3. Egg
	4. Nuts
	5. Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics
	6. Seal Oil (n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids)
	7. Flaxseed
	8. Curcumin
	9. Resveratrol
	10. Pomegranate
	11. Onion
	12. Conclusion
	References
21 - Rice Bran Usage in Diarrhea
	1. Overall Health Benefits of Rice Bran Dietary Supplement
	2. Dietary Rice Bran Supplementation in Reducing Diarrhea
		2.1 Diarrhea in Irritable Bowel Syndrome
		2.2 Human Rotavirus–Induced Diarrhea
		2.3 Human Noroviruses–Induced Diarrhea
	3. Mechanisms for Rice Bran Usage in Reducing Diarrhea
		3.1 Antimicrobial and Antiviral Activities
		3.2 Prebiotic and Microbiota Modulatory Properties
		3.3 Effects on Intestinal Immunity and Overall Health
	4. Future Perspective
	References
22 - Milk Bacteria and Gastrointestinal Tract: Microbial Composition of Milk
	1. Introduction
	2. Sources of Milk Organisms
	3. Contamination in the Mammary Glands
	4. Contamination Sources in the External Environment
	5. Contamination From Handling and Storage Equipment
	6. Microbial Composition of Milk From Different Sources
		6.1 Cow Milk
		6.2 Goat Milk
		6.3 Sheep Milk
		6.4 Buffalo Milk
		6.5 Other Types of Milk
			6.5.1 Camel
			6.5.2 Yak
			6.5.3 Donkey
			6.5.4 Human Breast Milk
	7. Important Microorganisms Found in Raw Milk
		7.1 Lactococcus
		7.2 Bifidobacterium
		7.3 Lactobacillus
		7.4 Streptococcus
		7.5 Propionibacterium
		7.6 Leuconostoc
		7.7 Enterococcus
		7.8 Gram-Positive Subpopulations
		7.9 Gram-Negative Subpopulations
		7.10 Fungal Populations
		7.11 Psychrotrophic
	8. Impact of Storage Conditions and Treatments
		8.1 Cold Storage
		8.2 Pasteurization
		8.3 Bacteriophage
	9. Biopreservative Potential of Raw Milk Microorganisms
	10. Human Health Association
	11. Pathogenic Bacteria Found in Milk
		11.1 Listeria monocytogenes
		11.2 Staphylococcus aureus
		11.3 Escherichia coli
		11.4 Salmonella
		11.5 Coxiella burnetii
		11.6 Mycobacterium bovis
		11.7 Brucella
		11.8 Filamentous fungi
	12. Health-Promoting Bacteria
	13. Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
23 - Polyphenols in the Prevention of Ulcerative Colitis: A Revisit
	1. Introduction
	2. Curcumin, the Active Component of Turmeric
	3. Resveratrol
	4. Quercetin
	5. Kaempferol
	6. Ellagic Acid
	7. Rutoside or Rutin
	8. Green Tea Polyphenols in Colitis
	9. Grape Seed Polyphenols
	10. Silymarin
	11. Polyphenols of Apple
	12. Cocoa
	13. Conclusions
	List of Abbreviations
	References
Index
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	D
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	R
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	U
	V
	W
	X
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	Z
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