Diet, nutrition, and the prevention of chronic diseases: report of a joint WHO FAO expert consultation

Contents......Page 4
1. Introduction......Page 12
Reference......Page 14
2.1 The global burden of chronic diseases......Page 15
2.2 The double burden of diseases in the developing world......Page 19
2.3 An integrated approach to diet-related and nutrition-related diseases......Page 20
References......Page 21
3.1 Introduction......Page 24
3.2 Developments in the availability of dietary energy......Page 25
3.3 Availability and changes in consumption of dietary fat......Page 28
3.4 Availability and changes in consumption of animal products......Page 31
3.5 Availability and consumption of fish......Page 33
3.6 Availability and consumption of fruits and vegetables......Page 34
3.7 Future trends in demand, food availability and consumption......Page 36
3.8 Conclusions......Page 38
References......Page 40
4.1 Introduction......Page 41
4.2.1 Fetal development and the maternal environment......Page 42
4.2.2 Infancy......Page 43
4.2.3 Childhood and adolescence......Page 45
4.2.4 Adulthood......Page 49
4.2.5 Ageing and older people......Page 50
4.3 Interactions between early and later factors throughout the life course......Page 51
4.4 Gene–nutrient interactions and genetic susceptibility......Page 52
4.5 Intervening throughout life......Page 53
References......Page 57
5.1.2 Strength of evidence......Page 65
5.1.3 A summary of population nutrient intake goals......Page 66
References......Page 70
5.2.3 Diet, physical activity and excess weight gain and obesity......Page 72
5.2.4 Strength of evidence......Page 73
5.2.5 General strategies for obesity prevention......Page 78
5.2.6 Disease-specific recommendations......Page 79
References......Page 81
5.3.2 Trends......Page 83
5.3.4 Strength of evidence......Page 84
5.3.5 Disease-specific recommendations......Page 88
References......Page 89
5.4.4 Strength of evidence......Page 92
5.4.5 Disease-specific recommendations......Page 98
References......Page 102
5.5.4 Strength of evidence......Page 106
References......Page 112
5.6.2 Trends......Page 116
5.6.3 Diet and dental disease......Page 118
5.6.4 Strength of evidence......Page 127
References......Page 130
5.7.3 Diet, physical activity and osteoporosis......Page 140
5.7.4 Strength of evidence......Page 141
5.7.5 Disease-specific recommendations......Page 142
References......Page 143
6.1 Introduction......Page 145
6.2 Policy principles for the promotion of healthy diets and physical activity......Page 146
6.3.1 Leadership for effective action......Page 147
6.3.2 Effective communication......Page 148
6.3.4 Enabling environments......Page 149
6.4.3 Making the best use of standards and legislation......Page 153
6.5 Call to action......Page 154
Acknowledgements......Page 155
Annex: Summary of the strength of evidence for obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, dental disease and osteoporosis......Page 158