Dialectology As Dialectic: Interpreting Phula Variation (Trends in Linguistics, Studies and Monographs, No. 229)

Preface......Page 8
Acknowledgements......Page 12
Contents......Page 14
List of maps......Page 23
List of tables......Page 24
List of figures......Page 27
General abbreviations......Page 29
Data source abbreviations......Page 32
1.1. The Phula hypothesis......Page 36
1.1.1. Falsifiability and the Phula hypothesis......Page 38
1.1.2. Chapter overview......Page 39
1.2. Historical background......Page 40
1.2.1. Phula, Puzu, Yizu and other classifications......Page 42
1.2.2. The Phula-Lolo distinction in historical records......Page 44
1.2.3.1. Macro-migration patterns......Page 46
1.2.3.2. Micro-migration patterns......Page 50
1.2.4. Previous research on the Phula languages......Page 53
1.3.1. Administrative orientation of Phula villages......Page 56
1.3.3. Overview of field data collection......Page 63
1.3.4. External data sources......Page 64
1.4.1. Theoretical assumptions: toward an integrative dialectology......Page 66
1.4.2. On the viability of integrational standards for language definition......Page 71
1.4.3. Research scope and limitations......Page 75
1.5. Argument structure and organization......Page 76
2.1. Introduction......Page 79
2.2.2. Navigating administrative terrain......Page 80
2.2.3. Navigating data point travel......Page 81
2.2.4. Scope of data collection......Page 82
2.2.5. Data reciprocity with language communities......Page 84
2.2.6. Digital archiving and analysis......Page 85
2.3.1. Overview of recording equipment......Page 86
2.3.2. Recording scenarios and setup......Page 87
2.3.3. Evaluation of equipment and recording methods......Page 89
2.4.1. Sociolinguistic questionnaires......Page 90
2.4.1.1. Questionnaire goals and design......Page 91
2.4.1.3. Working revisions......Page 92
2.4.2.1. Wordlist design......Page 93
2.4.2.3. Consultant selection and screening......Page 95
2.4.2.4. Elicitation framing......Page 96
2.4.2.5. Cognate fishing......Page 99
2.4.2.7. Non-IPA Chinese phonetic conventions......Page 100
2.4.2.9. Working revisions......Page 102
2.4.3. Natural text elicitation......Page 103
2.5.1. Ethnic identity research......Page 104
2.5.2. Demographic research......Page 107
2.5.3. Geolinguistic mapping research......Page 108
2.5.4. Endangerment, vitality, and language contact research......Page 109
2.6. Assessing dialect intelligibility and internal contact......Page 113
2.6.1. Perceptual dialectology......Page 114
2.6.2. Recorded text testing and the high-intelligibility threshold......Page 115
2.6.3. Core lexical comparison and the low-intelligibility threshold......Page 117
2.7.1. Phonological description in light of language variation......Page 119
2.7.2. Grammaticalization, lexicalization and variational semantics......Page 120
2.7.3. The comparative method......Page 122
2.8. Assessing phylogenetic relationships......Page 123
2.8.1. Clustering, subgrouping and phylogenetic situation......Page 125
2.8.2. Baileyan dialectology and the dynamic wave model......Page 126
2.8.3. Tree diagrams and other models......Page 128
2.9. An experiment in triadic dialectics: ecology-phylogeny-ontogeny......Page 129
3.1. Preliminaries......Page 131
3.2. Phula ethnic identities......Page 134
3.2.1. West-regional identities......Page 136
3.2.2. South-central identities......Page 137
3.2.3. North-central identities......Page 145
3.2.4. East-regional identities......Page 149
3.2.5. Trends and observations......Page 153
3.3. Core lexical comparisons......Page 154
3.3.1. West-regional comparisons......Page 155
3.3.2. South-central comparisons......Page 157
3.3.3. North-central comparisons......Page 159
3.3.5. Perspective......Page 161
3.4.1. West-regional results......Page 163
3.4.2. South-central results......Page 164
3.4.3. North-central testing results......Page 167
3.5. Reported dialect perceptions and intelligibility indices......Page 168
3.5.1. West-regional perceptions and indices......Page 169
3.5.2. South-central perceptions and indices......Page 171
3.5.3. North-central perceptions and indices......Page 179
3.5.4. East-regional perceptions and indices......Page 184
3.6. Language contact issues......Page 188
3.6.1. External contact......Page 189
3.6.2. Internal contact......Page 190
3.7.1. West-regional integration......Page 194
3.7.2. South-central integration......Page 195
3.7.3. North-central integration......Page 197
3.8. Conclusion: The synchronic Phula languages......Page 198
3.8.2. Phola [ISO 639-3: ypg]......Page 199
3.8.4. Muji, Qila [ISO 639-3: ymq]......Page 200
3.8.5. Muji, Southern [ISO 639-3: ymc]......Page 201
3.8.7. Muzi [ISO 639-3: ymz]......Page 202
3.8.10. Alugu [ISO 639-3: aub]......Page 203
3.8.13. Phuza [ISO 639-3: ypz]......Page 204
3.8.16. Phowa, Hlepho [ISO 639-3: yhl]......Page 206
3.8.18. Zokhuo [ISO 639-3: yzk]......Page 207
3.8.21. Phukha [ISO 639-3: phh]......Page 209
3.8.24. Thopho [ISO 639-3: ytp]......Page 211
4.1. Introduction......Page 213
4.2.1. Luodie and Natang......Page 217
4.2.2. Adipo......Page 218
4.3. Phala......Page 219
4.4.1. Pujiazhai......Page 221
4.4.2. Shizitou......Page 222
4.5.1. Xiepo......Page 223
4.5.2. Loushuidong......Page 224
4.6.1. Nuoguzhai......Page 225
4.6.2. Malutang......Page 226
4.7.1. Yibaizu......Page 227
4.7.2. Dixibei......Page 228
4.8. Phuma......Page 229
4.9. Alugu......Page 230
4.10. Phupa......Page 231
4.11. Phupha......Page 232
4.12. Phuza......Page 233
4.13. Muji, Qila......Page 234
4.14. Phowa, Ani......Page 235
4.15.1. Jiajie and Lugumu......Page 236
4.15.2. Wudupi......Page 237
4.16.1. Feizuke......Page 238
4.16.2. Chekabai......Page 239
4.16.3. Weibazhu/Xiaozhai......Page 241
4.16.5. Meizichong......Page 242
4.17.1. Luojiayi, Xiaopingba and Huangzhai......Page 244
4.17.2. Faduke Dazhai......Page 246
4.18. Zokhuo......Page 247
4.19.1. Laozhai......Page 248
4.20. Laghuu and Phukha......Page 250
4.22.1. Xiji......Page 251
4.22.3. Shangxinzhai......Page 252
4.23. Thopho......Page 254
4.24. Overview of Phula ethnolinguistic vitality......Page 255
5.1. Preliminaries......Page 258
5.1.1. General Phonological Features......Page 259
5.1.2. Structure of the sketches......Page 261
5.2. Hlepho-FZK and the Phowa Clade......Page 262
5.2.2. Consonant Initials......Page 263
5.2.3. Vowel Finals......Page 270
5.2.4. Tone......Page 273
5.3. Muji-PJZ and the Muji Clade......Page 275
5.3.2. Consonant Initials......Page 276
5.3.3. Vowel Finals......Page 278
5.3.4. Tone......Page 280
5.4. Phuza-BJB and the Downriver Phula clade......Page 282
5.4.2. Consonant initials......Page 283
5.4.3. Vowel Finals......Page 286
5.4.4. Tone......Page 288
5.5. Phola-LDC and the Upriver Phula clade......Page 289
5.5.2. Consonant initials......Page 290
5.5.3. Vowel Finals......Page 294
5.5.4. Tone......Page 296
5.5.5. Phonation......Page 298
5.6.1. Syllable......Page 299
5.6.2. Consonant Initials......Page 300
5.6.3. Vowel Finals......Page 302
5.6.4. Tone......Page 303
5.7. Summary......Page 305
6.1. Methodology for historical subgrouping......Page 306
6.1.1. Overview of Ngwi tone......Page 307
6.1.2. Overview of Proto-Ngwi *initial classes and guide to notation......Page 308
6.1.3. Overview of Phula tonal reflexes......Page 310
6.2. A distance-based network of Phula languages......Page 313
6.2.1. Neighbor-Net and distance-based phylogenetic relationships......Page 314
6.2.2. The Phula neighbor network and preliminary subgroupings......Page 316
6.3.1. Tone system innovations......Page 320
6.3.1.1. Tone-class 1......Page 323
6.3.1.2. Tone-class 2......Page 324
6.3.1.3. Tone-class 3......Page 326
6.3.1.4. The *checked tone classes......Page 328
6.3.2. Other independent innovations......Page 335
6.3.2.1. Phonological innovations......Page 336
6.3.2.2. Morphological innovations......Page 339
6.3.2.3. Lexico-semantic innovations......Page 340
6.3.3. Historical dialectology......Page 343
6.4. The Phowa meso-clade......Page 348
6.4.1. Tone system innovations......Page 349
6.4.1.1. Tone-class 1......Page 351
6.4.1.2. Tone-class 2......Page 352
6.4.1.3. Tone-class 3......Page 354
6.4.1.4. The *checked-tone classes......Page 355
6.4.2. Other Innovations......Page 357
6.4.3. Historical dialectology......Page 360
6.5.1. Lexico-semantic innovations......Page 365
6.5.2. Phonological innovations......Page 369
6.6. The Riverine Phula macro-clade......Page 370
6.6.1. Tone system developments......Page 371
6.6.1.1. Tone-class *1......Page 372
6.6.1.2. Tone-class *2......Page 373
6.6.1.4. The *checked tone classes......Page 375
6.6.2.1. Phola-Phala (Upriver Phula)......Page 377
6.6.2.2. Phupha-Alugu......Page 378
6.6.2.3. Phuza-Phupa......Page 380
6.6.3. Historical dialectology......Page 381
6.7. Conclusion......Page 385
7.1. Introduction......Page 387
7.2. Expanded neighbor network......Page 388
7.3. Southeastern Ngwi......Page 390
7.3.1. Permutations of the alveolar-lateral cluster innovation......Page 391
7.3.2. Sani, Axi, Azhe, Azha, Southeastern Ngwi and Central Ngwi......Page 401
7.3.3. Nisu, Southeastern Ngwi and Northern Ngwi......Page 403
7.3.4. Summary of preliminary subgrouping criteria for SE Ngwi......Page 407
7.4. Azha, Azhe and Sani-Axi......Page 410
7.4.1. The status of Azha......Page 411
7.4.2. The Sani-Axi clade......Page 413
7.4.3. Tone system developments for Sani-Axi-Azhe-Azha......Page 415
7.4.3.1. Tone-class *1......Page 418
7.4.3.2. Tone-class *2......Page 419
7.4.3.3. Tone-class *3......Page 421
7.4.3.4. The *checked tone classes......Page 422
7.4.4. Working conclusion on the internal relationships of the SA clade......Page 423
7.5. Pholo......Page 424
7.6. Conclusions......Page 426
8.1. Review......Page 429
8.1.1. Phula language definition as chiastic dialectic......Page 430
8.1.2. Folk Phula and Phula Proper......Page 433
8.2.1. Riverine Phula demographics and distribution......Page 436
8.2.1.1. Upriver demographics and distribution......Page 438
8.2.2. Riverine Phula perceptual dialectology......Page 439
8.2.2.2. Downriver perceptual dialectology......Page 441
8.3.1. Current demographics and distribution of the Muji meso-clade......Page 442
8.3.2. Muji meso-clade perceptual dialectology by synchronic language......Page 446
8.4.1. Current demographics and distribution of the Phowa meso-clade......Page 448
8.4.2. Phowa meso-clade perceptual dialectology by language......Page 451
8.5. Review of contributions and key findings......Page 453
8.5.2. Contributions to research on areal language endangerment......Page 454
8.5.4. Contributions to language contact research......Page 455
8.5.7. Contributions to distance-based phylogenetics......Page 456
8.5.9. Contributions to regional demography......Page 457
8.5.12. Toward a hermeneutic dialectology......Page 458
8.5.13. Toward a chiastic dialectic model of reasoning......Page 460
8.6.1. Neglected diversity and onomastic ambiguity......Page 461
8.6.2. Neglected diversity, homoplasy and genetics......Page 462
8.6.3. Neglected diversity and the survival of the cutest......Page 463
8.7. Suggestions for future studies......Page 464
8.7.1. Remaining research questions......Page 465
8.7.2. New research suggestions......Page 466
8.8. Coda......Page 467
Appendix A: Sociolinguistic questionnaires......Page 468
Appendix B: Lexical elicitation datasheet sample......Page 477
Appendix C: Similarity and distance matrices......Page 479
Appendix D: Sample RTT translations......Page 482
Notes......Page 484
References......Page 495
Index......Page 522