Dialect Change: Convergence and Divergence in European Languages

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 4
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Maps......Page 9
Figures......Page 10
Contributors......Page 12
Preface......Page 15
Map......Page 17
2 Definitions of the Key Concepts......Page 19
3 Background and Conceptual Frameworks......Page 20
3.1 Historiographical sketch......Page 21
3.2 Fencing off dialect convergence and divergence from related concepts......Page 23
4 Methodologies......Page 33
5.1 Internal factors......Page 35
5.2 Isolation and contact......Page 39
5.3 The role of the standard variety......Page 42
5.4 The Role of Social and Physical Geography......Page 46
5.5 The role of demographic and sociopolitical processes......Page 51
5.6 The role of  social networks and other types of mesosocial structures......Page 55
5.7 The role of social psychological factors: identity and attitudes......Page 56
5.8 The interaction of internal, external, and extra-linguistic factors......Page 59
5.9 Salience......Page 61
5.10 Comprehensive models for the outcomes of dialect convergence and divergence?......Page 63
6 Design and Goal of this Volume......Page 65
Part 1 Convergence, Divergence and Linguistic Structure......Page 67
1 Introduction: Phonological Variation and Linguistic Theory......Page 69
2 Convergence, Divergence, and Principles of Sound Change......Page 73
3 Lenition as a Problem in Phonology......Page 74
4 Lenition of /t/ inEnglish......Page 77
4.2 Glottalisation......Page 78
4.3 Frication......Page 79
4.4 Syllable Structure......Page 81
6 Lenition of /t/: Dublin Data and Style Shift......Page 82
6.1 Lenition of / t /: Dublin Data and Phonological Environment......Page 86
7 Beyond Dublin: Traditional Dialect......Page 88
8 Lenition of /t/: The Global Picture......Page 89
9 Discussion......Page 92
10 Conclusion......Page 94
1 Language Convergence and the Relationship Between Standard Language and Dialects......Page 99
2 Contact Between the National Language and the Dialects in Italy......Page 101
3 Code-switching, Code-mixing, and Language Contact......Page 107
4 Conclusions......Page 112
1 Introduction......Page 114
2.1 Sociolinguistic approaches to syntactic variation......Page 116
2.2 Parametric approaches to syntactic variation......Page 123
3.1 Introduction and research question......Page 130
3.2 The syntactic variant......Page 131
3.3 The database and results......Page 133
3.4 Towards an analysis......Page 140
4 General Conclusion......Page 150
1 Introduction......Page 153
2.1 The extent of variation in different components of language......Page 154
2.2 Social variation......Page 155
2.3 Frequency of occurrence......Page 156
2.4 Syntactic variation......Page 158
2.5 Variation in discourse features......Page 160
2.6 The social mechanism of change at higher levels of language......Page 161
3 The Milton Keynes, Reading, and Hull Project......Page 162
3.1 Phonological variation and change in the three towns......Page 163
3.2 Variation and change in morphosyntax......Page 168
3.3 Discourse forms......Page 172
3.4 Analysing syntactic variation......Page 177
4 Conclusions......Page 183
Part 2 Macrosociolinguistic Motivations of Convergence and Divergence......Page 187
1 'Standard Language' and 'Standardisation'......Page 189
2 ‘Standard Language’ as Ideology......Page 190
3 Studies of Standardisation in Germany......Page 191
4 Standardisation: A Summary......Page 192
5.1 Sketch of the political and linguistic history of mainland Scandinavia......Page 193
5.2 Denmark and Sweden: parallel processes of standardisation......Page 194
5.3 Standardisation of the spoken language......Page 195
6.2 Public vs. educated colloquial speech......Page 197
6.3 Colloquial speech in early bourgeois society......Page 200
6.4 Public spoken Danish and political and social developments from the mid-eighteenth to the mid-nineteenth centuries......Page 201
6.5 The emergence of a socially stratified spoken standard language......Page 203
6.6 The rise and fall of the Copenhagen sociolects......Page 204
6.7 Acceptance of the spoken standard by the population......Page 205
7.1 The demographic development of Copenhagen and Stockholm in the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries......Page 208
7.2 The rise of a spoken standard language in Sweden in comparison with Denmark......Page 209
7.3 Linguistic development in Copenhagen and Stockholm in the second half of the nineteenth century......Page 210
8 The Norwegian Case......Page 211
9 Conclusion......Page 213
1.1 Introduction......Page 214
1.2 Processes and stages in new-dialect formation......Page 215
1.3 Related contact-induced changes: pidginisation, creolisation, and regional dialect levelling......Page 219
2.1 Linguistic-descriptive studies and the role of demography......Page 220
2.2 Ethnographic studies: dialect as a local identity marker......Page 222
3 The Individual Speaker in the Second Stage of New-Dialect Formation: The New Zealand and Milton Keynes Studies......Page 225
3.1 Variability in Stage II......Page 227
3.2 The transition to Stage III......Page 235
4 Conclusion......Page 238
1 Language Island Research: The Traditional Framework and Some Sociolinguistic Questions......Page 239
2.1 Convergence as dialect contact......Page 242
2.2 Convergence as language contact......Page 245
2.3 Convergence and internal language change......Page 247
3 The Sociolinguistics of Convergence......Page 252
4 Conclusion......Page 253
1 Introduction......Page 254
2 The Study of Border Effects in Dialect Maintenance and Change: Conceptual and Methodological Issues......Page 255
2.1 The linguistic relationship between dialects and standard 'roofs' in border regions......Page 256
2.2 The role of borders in the geographical distribution of language functions......Page 257
2.4 The role of borders in the formation and reproduction of language attitudes and ideologies......Page 258
3 Previous Research on Border Effects in Europe......Page 259
4.1 Research questions and methodology......Page 263
4.2 The Polish–Belarusian border: linguistic and sociohistorical context......Page 265
4.3 Evidence for dialect divergence in the Polish--Belarusian border region......Page 269
4.4 Sociolinguistic divergence: language attitudes......Page 276
5 Conclusions......Page 279
1 Introduction: Patterns of Spatial Diffusion......Page 281
2 The Spatial Diffusion of Linguistic Phenomena......Page 282
3.1 General......Page 285
3.2 The three types of urban insularity illustrated......Page 287
3.3 The case of Ghent and the East Flemish dialects......Page 289
4.1 The vanguard position of urban dialects (innovative insularity): social factors......Page 294
4.2 The rearguard position (conservative insularity): social-psychological factors......Page 295
4.3 Structural-linguistic factors......Page 298
5 Concluding Remarks: Why Gravity Models are Bound to Fail......Page 300
Part 3 Microsociolinguistic Motivations......Page 303
1 Objective and Subjective Factors in Language Variation and Change......Page 305
2.1 Subjective factors and the macro/micro distinction......Page 306
2.2 Attitudes and the study of language change......Page 307
2.3 Identity and the study of language change......Page 308
2.4 The issue of consciousness......Page 310
3 The Næstved Study......Page 311
3.1 Use, attitudes, and socioeconomic status......Page 314
3.2 Use, attitudes, and geography......Page 315
3.3 Use, attitudes, and school type......Page 316
4 Conclusion......Page 317
2.1 Hypothesis......Page 321
2.1 The significance of the concept of ‘social network’ for language-variation research......Page 323
2.2 Measures of network structure......Page 325
2.3 Limitations of social network analysis: the speaker’s social history......Page 331
2.4 How similar are people who speak alike?......Page 333
3.1 Propositions......Page 335
3.2 Predicting language variation through the use of social networks......Page 336
3.3 Interactions with the structural variables......Page 341
4.1 Propositions......Page 347
4.2 Interpretive social network analysis......Page 348
5 Conclusion......Page 351
1 Introduction......Page 353
2 Evidence for Interpersonal Accommodation of Linguistic Features......Page 356
3 Short-term Accommodation and Language Change......Page 361
3.1 Accommodation and change in Rimburg and Luxembourg......Page 362
4 Network Structure......Page 369
5 Summary and Conclusions......Page 374
References......Page 376
Index......Page 427