Diagnostic Ultrasound for Sonographers

Front Cover
Diagnostic Ultrasound for Sonographers
Copyright Page
Dedications
Contributing Authors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Sections
Table of Contents
PART I
	SECTION 1:
Liver
		Anatomy and Approach
			Chapter
1. Liver
				GROSS ANATOMY
				IMAGING ANATOMY
				ANATOMY IMAGING ISSUES
				CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
		Diffuse Parenchymal Disease
			Chapter
2. Acute Hepatitis
			Chapter
3. Hepatic Cirrhosis
			Chapter
4. Hepatic Steatosis
			Chapter
5. Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome (Venoocclusive Disease)
		Cysts and Cyst-Like Lesions
			Chapter
6. Hepatic Cyst
			Chapter
7. Biliary Hamartoma
			Chapter
8. Biliary Cystadenoma/Carcinoma
			Chapter
9. Biloma
			Chapter
10. Pyogenic Hepatic Abscess
			Chapter
11. Amebic Hepatic Abscess
			Chapter
12. Hepatic Hydatid Cyst
			Chapter
13. Hepatic Microabscesses
			Chapter
14. Peribiliary Cyst
		Focal Solid Masses
			Chapter
15. Hepatic Cavernous Hemangioma
			Chapter
16. Focal Nodular Hyperplasia
			Chapter
17. Hepatic Adenoma
			Chapter
18. Hepatocellular Carcinoma
			Chapter
19. Hepatic Metastases
			Chapter
20. Hepatic Lymphoma
		Vascular Conditions
			Chapter
21. Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS)
			Chapter
22. Portal Hypertension
			Chapter
23. Portal Vein Occlusion
			Chapter
24. Budd-Chiari Syndrome
			Chapter
25. Portal Vein Gas
		Liver Transplants
			Chapter
26. Liver Transplant Hepatic Artery Stenosis/Thrombosis
			Chapter
27. Liver Transplant Portal Vein Stenosis/Thrombosis
			Chapter
28. Liver Transplant Hepatic Venous Stenosis/Thrombosis
			Chapter
29. Liver Transplant Biliary Stricture
	SECTION 2:
Biliary System
		Anatomy and Approach
			Chapter
30. Biliary System
				TERMINOLOGY
				IMAGING ANATOMY
				ANATOMY IMAGING ISSUES
				CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
		Gallstones and Mimics
			Chapter
31. Cholelithiasis
			Chapter
32. Echogenic Bile
			Chapter
33. Gallbladder Polyp
		Gallbladder Wall Pathology
			Chapter
34. Acute Calculous Cholecystitis
			Chapter
35. Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis
			Chapter
36. Chronic Cholecystitis
			Chapter
37. Xanthogranulomatous Cholecystitis
			Chapter
38. Porcelain Gallbladder
			Chapter
39. Gallbladder Adenomyomatosis
			Chapter
40. Gallbladder Carcinoma
		Ductal Pathology
			Chapter
41. Biliary Ductal Dilatation
			Chapter
42. Choledochal Cyst
			Chapter
43. Choledocholithiasis
			Chapter
44. Biliary Ductal Gas
			Chapter
45. Cholangiocarcinoma
			Chapter
46. Acute Cholangitis
			Chapter
47. Recurrent Pyogenic Cholangitis
			Chapter
48. HIV-/AIDS-Related Cholangiopathy
	SECTION 3:
Pancreas
		Anatomy and Approach
			Chapter
49. Pancreas
				GROSS ANATOMY
				IMAGING ANATOMY
				ANATOMY IMAGING ISSUES
		Pancreatitis
			Chapter
50. Acute Pancreatitis
			Chapter
51. Pancreatic Pseudocyst
			Chapter
52. Chronic Pancreatitis
		Simple Cysts and Cystic Neoplasms
			Chapter
53. Mucinous Cystic Pancreatic Tumor
			Chapter
54. Serous Cystadenoma of Pancreas
			Chapter
55. Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm (IPMN)
		Solid-Appearing Pancreatic Neoplasms
			Chapter
56. Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma
			Chapter
57. Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor
			Chapter
58. Solid Pseudopapillary Neoplasm
	SECTION 4:
Spleen
		Anatomy and Approach
			Chapter
59. Spleen
				GROSS ANATOMY
				IMAGING ANATOMY
				ANATOMY IMAGING ISSUES
				EMBRYOLOGY
		Splenic Lesions
			Chapter
60. Splenomegaly
			Chapter
61. Splenic Cyst
			Chapter
62. Splenic Tumors
			Chapter
63. Splenic Infarct
	SECTION 5:
Urinary Tract
		Anatomy and Approach
			Chapter
64. Kidneys
				GROSS ANATOMY
				IMAGING ANATOMY
				ANATOMY IMAGING ISSUES
				EMBRYOLOGY
			Chapter
65. Ureters and Bladder
				GROSS ANATOMY
				IMAGING ANATOMY
				ANATOMY IMAGING ISSUES
				CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
		Normal Variants and Pseudolesions
			Chapter
66. Column of Bertin, Kidney
			Chapter
67. Renal Junctional Line
			Chapter
68. Renal Ectopia
			Chapter
69. Horseshoe Kidney
			Chapter
70. Ureteral Duplication
			Chapter
71. Ureteral Ectopia
			Chapter
72. Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction
		Calculi and Calcinosis
			Chapter
73. Urolithiasis
			Chapter
74. Nephrocalcinosis
			Chapter
75. Hydronephrosis
		Cysts and Cystic Disorders
			Chapter
76. Simple Renal Cyst
			Chapter
77. Complex Renal Cyst
			Chapter
78. Cystic Disease of Dialysis
			Chapter
79. Multilocular Cystic Nephroma
		Urinary Tract Infection
			Chapter
80. Acute Pyelonephritis
			Chapter
81. Renal Abscess
			Chapter
82. Emphysematous Pyelonephritis
			Chapter
83. Pyonephrosis
			Chapter
84. Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis
			Chapter
85. Tuberculosis, Urinary Tract
		Solid Renal Neoplasms
			Chapter
86. Renal Cell Carcinoma
			Chapter
87. Renal Metastases
			Chapter
88. Renal Angiomyolipoma
			Chapter
89. Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma
			Chapter
90. Renal Lymphoma
		Vascular Conditions
			Chapter
91. Renal Artery Stenosis
			Chapter
92. Renal Vein Thrombosis
			Chapter
93. Renal Infarct
			Chapter
94. Perinephric Hematoma
		Bladder
			Chapter
95. Bladder Carcinoma
			Chapter
96. Ureterocele
			Chapter
97. Bladder Diverticulum
			Chapter
98. Bladder Calculi
	SECTION 6:
Kidney Transplant
		Renal Transplant Complications
			Chapter
99. Perigraft Fluid Collections
			Chapter
100. Renal Transplant Hydronephrosis
			Chapter
101. Transplant Renal Artery Stenosis
			Chapter
102. Transplant Renal Artery Thrombosis
			Chapter
103. Transplant Renal Vein Thrombosis
			Chapter
104. Renal Transplant Arteriovenous (AV) Fistula
			Chapter
105. Renal Transplant Pseudoaneurysm
			Chapter
106. Renal Transplant Rejection
			Chapter
107. Delayed Renal Graft Function
	SECTION 7:
Adrenal Gland
		Anatomy and Approach
			Chapter
108. Adrenal Glands
				GROSS ANATOMY
				ANATOMY IMAGING ISSUES
				CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
		Adrenal Lesions
			Chapter
109. Adrenal Hemorrhage
			Chapter
110. Myelolipoma
			Chapter
111. Adrenal Adenoma
			Chapter
112. Adrenal Cyst
			Chapter
113. Pheochromocytoma
			Chapter
114. Adrenal Carcinoma
	SECTION 8:
Abdominal Wall/Peritoneal Cavity
		Anatomy and Approach
			Chapter
115. Abdominal Lymph Nodes
				GROSS ANATOMY
				IMAGING ANATOMY
				ANATOMY IMAGING ISSUES
				CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
			Chapter
116. Peritoneal Cavity
				TERMINOLOGY
				GROSS ANATOMY
				ANATOMY IMAGING ISSUES
			Chapter
117. Abdominal Wall
				TERMINOLOGY
				GROSS ANATOMY
				ANATOMY IMAGING ISSUES
		Abdominal Wall
			Chapter
118. Abdominal Wall Hernia
			Chapter
119. Groin Hernia
		Peritoneal Cavity
			Chapter
120. Ascites
			Chapter
121. Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
	SECTION 9:
Bowel
		Anatomy and Approach
			Chapter
122. Bowel
				GROSS ANATOMY
				IMAGING ANATOMY
		Bowel Abnormalities
			Chapter
123. Appendicitis
			Chapter
124. Appendiceal Mucocele
			Chapter
125. Intussusception
			Chapter
126. Epiploic Appendagitis
			Chapter
127. Diverticulitis
			Chapter
128. Crohn Disease
PART II
	SECTION 1:
Male Pelvis
		Anatomy and Approach
			Chapter
129. Prostate and Seminal Vesicles
				GROSS ANATOMY
				IMAGING ANATOMY
			Chapter
130. Testes and Scrotum
				GROSS ANATOMY
				IMAGING ANATOMY
			Chapter
131. Penis and Urethra
				IMAGING ANATOMY
				ANATOMY IMAGING ISSUES
				CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
		Scrotal Lesions
			Chapter
132. Testicular Germ Cell Tumors
			Chapter
133. Gonadal Stromal Tumors, Testis
			Chapter
134. Testicular Lymphoma/Leukemia
			Chapter
135. Epidermoid Cyst
			Chapter
136. Tubular Ectasia of Rete Testis
			Chapter
137. Testicular Microlithiasis
			Chapter
138. Testicular Torsion/Infarction
			Chapter
139. Undescended Testis
			Chapter
140. Epididymitis/Orchitis
			Chapter
141. Scrotal Trauma
			Chapter
142. Hydrocele
			Chapter
143. Spermatocele/Epididymal Cyst
			Chapter
144. Adenomatoid Tumor
			Chapter
145. Varicocele
			Chapter
146. Prostatic Hyperplasia
			Chapter
147. Prostatic Carcinoma
	SECTION 2:
Female Pelvis
		Anatomy and Approach
			Chapter
148. Uterus
				GROSS ANATOMY
				IMAGING ANATOMY
			Chapter
149. Cervix
				GROSS ANATOMY
				IMAGING ANATOMY
			Chapter
150. Vagina
				TERMINOLOGY
				GROSS ANATOMY
				IMAGING ANATOMY
				EMBRYOLOGY
				CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
			Chapter
151. Ovaries
				GROSS ANATOMY
				IMAGING ANATOMY
				ANATOMY IMAGING ISSUES
		Cervical and Myometrial Pathology
			Chapter
152. Nabothian Cyst
			Chapter
153. Cervical Carcinoma
			Chapter
154. Adenomyosis
			Chapter
155. Leiomyoma
			Chapter
156. Uterine Anomalies
		Endometrial Disorders
			Chapter
157. Hematometrocolpos
			Chapter
158. Endometrial Polyp
			Chapter
159. Endometrial Carcinoma
			Chapter
160. Endometritis
			Chapter
161. Intrauterine Device
		Ovarian Cysts and Cystic Neoplasms
			Chapter
162. Functional Ovarian Cyst
			Chapter
163. Hemorrhagic Cyst
			Chapter
164. Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome
			Chapter
165. Serous Ovarian Cystadenoma/Carcinoma
			Chapter
166. Mucinous Ovarian Cystadenoma/Carcinoma
			Chapter
167. Ovarian Teratoma
			Chapter
168. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
			Chapter
169. Endometrioma
		Nonovarian Cystic Masses
			Chapter
170. Tuboovarian Abscess
			Chapter
171. Hydrosalpinx
			Chapter
172. Parovarian Cyst
			Chapter
173. Peritoneal Inclusion Cyst
		Vaginal and Vulvar Cysts
			Chapter
174. Bartholin Cyst
			Chapter
175. Gartner Duct Cyst
		Miscellaneous Ovarian Masses
			Chapter
176. Sex Cord-Stromal Tumor
			Chapter
177. Adnexal/Ovarian Torsion
			Chapter
178. Ovarian Metastases Including Krukenberg Tumor
PART III
	SECTION 1:
Anatomy and Approach
		Chapter
179. Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
			GROSS ANATOMY
			ANATOMY IMAGING ISSUES
		Chapter
180. Cervical Lymph Nodes
			TERMINOLOGY
			IMAGING ANATOMY
			ANATOMY IMAGING ISSUES
			CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
	SECTION 2:
Neck Lesions
		Chapter
181. Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma
		Chapter
182. Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
		Chapter
183. Thyroid Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
		Chapter
184. Multinodular Goiter
		Chapter
185. Colloid Cyst of Thyroid
		Chapter
186. Hashimoto Thyroiditis
		Chapter
187. Graves Disease
		Chapter
188. Parathyroid Adenoma
		Chapter
189. Reactive Adenopathy
		Chapter
190. Malignant Cervical Lymph Nodes
		Chapter
191. Parotid Tumors
		Chapter
192. Submandibular Sialadenitis
PART IV
	SECTION 1:
Anatomy and Approach
		Chapter
193. Carotid Arteries
			TERMINOLOGY
			GROSS ANATOMY
			IMAGING ANATOMY
			ANATOMY IMAGING ISSUES
			CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
		Chapter
194. Vertebral Arteries
			IMAGING ANATOMY
			ANATOMY IMAGING ISSUES
			EMBRYOLOGY
		Chapter
195. Neck Veins
			TERMINOLOGY
			GROSS ANATOMY
			IMAGING ANATOMY
			ANATOMY IMAGING ISSUES
			CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
		Chapter
196. Aorta and Inferior Vena Cava
			TERMINOLOGY
			GROSS ANATOMY
			IMAGING ANATOMY
			ANATOMY IMAGING ISSUES
		Chapter
197. Iliac Arteries and Veins
			GROSS ANATOMY
			IMAGING ANATOMY
			ANATOMY IMAGING ISSUES
			CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
		Chapter
198. Leg Vessels
			GROSS ANATOMY
			ANATOMY IMAGING ISSUES
	SECTION 2:
Vascular Lesions
		Chapter
199. Jugular Vein Thrombosis
		Chapter
200. Carotid Artery Dissection in Neck
		Chapter
201. Carotid Stenosis/Occlusion
		Chapter
202. Vertebral Stenosis/Occlusion
		Chapter
203. Deep Vein Thrombosis
		Chapter
204. Varicose Veins/Incompetent Perforator
PART V
	SECTION 1:
Anatomy and Approach
		Chapter
205. Shoulder
			IMAGING ANATOMY
			ANATOMY IMAGING ISSUES
		Chapter
206. Groin
			TERMINOLOGY
			IMAGING ANATOMY
			ANATOMY IMAGING ISSUES
		Chapter
207. Leg Muscles
			TERMINOLOGY
			GROSS ANATOMY
			ANATOMY IMAGING ISSUES
	SECTION 2:
Musculoskeletal Lesions
		Chapter
208. Rotator Cuff/Biceps Tendinosis
		Chapter
209. Rotator Cuff/Biceps Tendon Tear
		Chapter
210. Baker Cyst
		Chapter
211. Lipoma
		Chapter
212. Epidermoid Cyst
		Chapter
213. Hematoma/Seroma
		Chapter
214. Soft Tissue Infection
		Chapter
215. Ganglion Cyst
		Chapter
216. Muscle Injury
		Chapter
217. Ligament Injury
PART VI
	SECTION 1:
First Trimester
		Anatomy and Approach
			Chapter
218. First Trimester
				EMBRYOLOGY AND ANATOMY
				SCANNING APPROACH AND IMAGING ISSUES
		Abnormal Intrauterine Gestation
			Chapter
219. Abnormal and Failed First-Trimester Pregnancy
			Chapter
220. Perigestational Hemorrhage
			Chapter
221. Complete Hydatidiform Mole
		Ectopic Gestation
			Chapter
222. Tubal Ectopic
			Chapter
223. Other Ectopics
	SECTION 2:
Brain and Spine
		Anatomy and Approach
			Chapter
224. Brain and Spine
				EMBRYOLOGY AND ANATOMY
				SCANNING APPROACH AND IMAGING ISSUES
		Exencephaly, Anencephaly
			Chapter
225. Exencephaly, Anencephaly
			Chapter
226. Cephalocele
			Chapter
227. Holoprosencephaly
			Chapter
228. Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum
			Chapter
229. Choroid Plexus Cyst
			Chapter
230. Arachnoid Cyst
			Chapter
231. Aqueductal Stenosis
			Chapter
232. Chiari 2 Malformation
			Chapter
233. Dandy-Walker Malformation
			Chapter
234. Mega Cisterna Magna
			Chapter
235. Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation
			Chapter
236. Intracranial Hemorrhage and Encephalomalacia
			Chapter
237. Absent Cavum Septi Pellucidi
		Spine
			Chapter
238. Spina Bifida
			Chapter
239. Caudal Regression Sequence
			Chapter
240. Sacrococcygeal Teratoma
	SECTION 3:
Face and Neck
		Anatomy and Approach
			Chapter
241. Face and Neck
				EMBRYOLOGY AND ANATOMY
				SCANNING APPROACH AND IMAGING ISSUES
		Face and Neck Lesions
			Chapter
242. Cleft Lip, Palate
			Chapter
243. Cystic Hygroma
	SECTION 4:
Chest
		Anatomy and Approach
			Chapter
244. Chest
				EMBRYOLOGY AND ANATOMY
				SCANNING APPROACH AND IMAGING ISSUES
		Chest Lesions
			Chapter
245. Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
			Chapter
246. Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation (CPAM)
			Chapter
247. Bronchopulmonary Sequestration (BPS)
	SECTION 5: Heart
		Anatomy and Approach
			Chapter
248. Cardiovascular System
				EMBRYOLOGY AND ANATOMY
				SCANNING APPROACH AND IMAGING ISSUES
		Heart Defects
			Chapter
249. Atrioventricular Septal Defect
			Chapter
250. Ventricular Septal Defect
			Chapter
251. Ebstein Anomaly
			Chapter
252. Hypoplastic Left Heart
			Chapter
253. Tetralogy of Fallot
			Chapter
254. Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)
			Chapter
255. Truncus Arteriosus
			Chapter
256. Rhabdomyoma
	SECTION 6: Abdominal Wall and Gastrointestinal Tract
		Anatomy and Approach
			Chapter
257. Abdominal Wall and Gastrointestinal Tract
				EMBRYOLOGY
				SCANNING APPROACH AND IMAGING ISSUES
		Abdominal Wall Defects
			Chapter
258. Omphalocele
			Chapter
259. Gastroschisis
			Chapter
260. Body Stalk Anomaly
			Chapter
261. Bladder Exstrophy
		Bowel Abnormalities
			Chapter
262. Esophageal Atresia
			Chapter
263. Duodenal Atresia
			Chapter
264. Jejunal, Ileal Atresia
			Chapter
265. Meconium Peritonitis, Pseudocyst
			Chapter
266. Anal Atresia
			Chapter
267. Cloacal Malformation/Urogenital Sinus
		Hepatobiliary Abnormalities
			Chapter
268. Choledochal Cyst
	SECTION 7:
Genitourinary Tract
		Anatomy and Approach
			Chapter
269. Genitourinary Tract
				EMBRYOLOGY AND ANATOMY
				SCANNING APPROACH AND IMAGING ISSUES
		Kidneys and Bladder
			Chapter
270. Urinary Tract Dilation
			Chapter
271. Duplicated Collecting System
			Chapter
272. Other Developmental Variants
			Chapter
273. Bilateral Renal Agenesis
			Chapter
274. Echogenic Kidneys
			Chapter
275. Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction
			Chapter
276. Obstructive Renal Dysplasia
			Chapter
277. Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney
			Chapter
278. Posterior Urethral Valves
			Chapter
279. Prune-Belly Syndrome
		Adrenal
			Chapter
280. Neuroblastoma
		Genitalia
			Chapter
281. Abnormal Genitalia
			Chapter
282. Ovarian Cyst
	SECTION 8: Genitourinary Tract
		Dysplasias
			Chapter
283. Achondrogenesis
			Chapter
284. Achondroplasia
			Chapter
285. Osteogenesis Imperfecta
			Chapter
286. Thanatophoric Dysplasia
		Extremity Malformations
			Chapter
287. Clubfoot and Rocker-Bottom Foot
			Chapter
288. Radial Ray Malformation
			Chapter
289. Abnormal Hand
	SECTION 9: Placenta, Membranes, and Umbilical Cord
		Placenta and Membrane Abnormalities
			Chapter
290. Placental Abruption
			Chapter
291. Low-Lying Placenta and Previa
			Chapter
292. Vasa Previa
			Chapter
293. Succenturiate Lobe
			Chapter
294. Morbidly Adherent Placenta
			Chapter
295. Circumvallate Placenta
			Chapter
296. Marginal and Velamentous Cord Insertion
			Chapter
297 . Chorioangioma
		Umbilical Cord Abnormalities
			Chapter
298. Single Umbilical Artery
			Chapter
299. Umbilical Vein Varix
	SECTION 10. Multiple Gestations
		Chapter
300. Chorionicity and Amnionicity in Twins
		Chapter
301. Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome
		Chapter
302. Discordant Twin Growth
		Chapter
303. Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion
		Chapter
304. Conjoined Twins
		Chapter
305. Triplets and Beyond
	SECTION 11: Aneuploidy
		Chapter
306. Trisomy 21
		Chapter
307. Trisomy 18
		Chapter
308. Trisomy 13
		Chapter
309. Turner Syndrome (45,X)
		Chapter
310. Triploidy
	SECTION 12: Syndromes and Multisystem Disorders
		Chapter
311. Amniotic Band Syndrome
		Chapter
312. Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome
		Chapter
313. Meckel-Gruber Syndrome
		Chapter
314. Pierre Robin Sequence
		Chapter
315. Sirenomelia
		Chapter
316. VACTERL Association
	SECTION 13: Infection
		Chapter
317. Cytomegalovirus
	SECTION 14: Fluid, Growth, and Well-Being
		Chapter
318. Parameters of Fetal Well-Being
		Chapter
319. Fetal Growth Restriction
		Chapter
320. Macrosomia
		Chapter
321. Fetal Anemia
		Chapter
322. Hydrops
	SECTION 15: Maternal Conditions in Pregnancy
		Chapter
323. Myoma in Pregnancy
		Chapter
324. Müllerian Duct Anomalies in Pregnancy
		Chapter
325. Cervical Insufficiency/Short Cervix
		Chapter
326. Retained Products of Conception
PART VII
	SECTION 1: Brain
		Anatomy and Approach
			Chapter
327. Untitled
				GROSS ANATOMY
				ANATOMY IMAGING ISSUES
		Brain Pathology
			Chapter
328. Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage
	SECTION 2: Spine
		Anatomy and Approach
			Chapter
329. Vertebral Column and Spinal Cord
				IMAGING ANATOMY
				ANATOMY IMAGING ISSUES
				CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
INDEX