Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology

Foreword\nPreface\nTable of Contents\nList of Contributors\nI General Radiology\n	1 Physical Basics\n		1.1 Types of Radiation\n			1.1.1 Particle Radiation\n			1.1.2 Wave Radiation (Electromagnetic Radiation)\n		1.2 Structure of Matter and Radioactive Decay\n			1.2.1 Structure of Atoms\n			1.2.2 Forms of Radioactive Decay\n			1.2.3 The Law of Radioactive Decay\n		1.3 Interaction of Radiation and Matter\n			1.3.1 General\n			1.3.2 X-Ray Radiation\n		1.4 Measurement of Radiation/Dosimetric Sizes\n			1.4.1 Measured Quantities in Nuclear Medicine\n			1.4.2 Detection of Radiation\n	2 Radiation Biology and Radiation Protection\n		2.1 The Effects of Radiation on Biological Tissue\n			2.1.1 Phases of the Effects of Radiation\n			2.1.2 Radiation Damage to the Cell\n			2.1.3 The Acute Effects of Radiation on the Human Body\n			2.1.4 The Chronic Effects of Radiation\n			2.1.5 Local Effects of Radiation\n			2.1.6 Carcinogenesis\n		2.2 The Dangers of X-Rays\n			2.2.1 Radiation Exposure/Radiation Protection\n		2.3 Radiation Protection and Quality Assurance in X-Ray Diagnostics\n			2.3.1 Radiation Protection Officer (German X-Ray Regulations § 13)\n			2.3.2 Obligation to Maintain Records of X-Ray Examinations (German X-Ray Regulations § 28)\n			2.3.3 Storage Requirements (German X-Ray Regulations § 28 and 35)\n			2.3.4 Instruction (German X-Ray Regulations § 36)\n			2.3.5 Radiation Protection Areas (Radiation Protection Ordinance § 57–60)\n			2.3.6 Quality Assurance in X-Ray Diagnostics (German X-Ray Regulations § 16)\n			2.3.7 Extracts from the German X-Ray Regulations\n	3 Conventional Diagnostic Radiology\n		3.1 Technical and Physical Principles\n		3.2 Visual Documentation\n		3.3 Testing Equipment/Procedures\n			3.3.1 Contrast Agent-Assisted Recordings\n	4 Computed Tomography\n		4.1 General\n		4.2 Key Technical Characteristics of Computed Tomography\n		4.3 Multi-Detector CT\n			4.3.1 Acquisition Parameters\n			4.3.2 Reconstruction Parameters\n			4.3.3 ECG Synchronisation in Cardiac CT\n		4.4 Imaging and Presentation Techniques\n	5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n		5.1 General\n		5.2 Physical Principles of MRI and Characteristics of Image Formation\n		References\n	6 Angiography and Intervention\n		6.1 Angiography\n			6.1.1 Fundamentals\n			6.1.2 Informing the Patient and Performing the Examination\n		6.2 Interventional Radiology\n			6.2.1 Vascular Interventions\n	7 Ultrasound\n		7.1 Basics\n			7.1.1 Attenuation of the Sound Waves\n			7.1.2 Spatial Resolution\n			7.1.3 Image Processing and Image Generation\n		7.2 Various Transducers\n		7.3 Ultrasound Procedures\n	8 Contrast Agent\n		8.1 Basics\n		8.2 X-Ray Contrast Agent\n			8.2.1 Properties of X-Ray Contrast Agent\n			8.2.2 Influence of Thyroid Function\n			8.2.3 Influence on Renal Function\n			8.2.4 Contrast Agent Reactions\n			8.2.5 Hypersensitivity Reactions\n		8.3 MR Contrast Agents\n			8.3.1 Characteristics of MR Contrast Agents\n			8.3.2 Contrast Agent Reactions\n		8.4 Ultrasound Contrast Agent\nII Neuroradiology\n	9 The Brain\n		9.1 Anatomy\n			9.1.1 Organisation of the Brain\n			9.1.2 Cranial Nerves and Cranial Nerve Nuclei\n			9.1.3 Mid-brain\n			9.1.4 Cerebral Peduncle\n			9.1.5 Cerebellum\n			9.1.6 Diencephalon\n			9.1.7 Functional Pathways of the Cerebrum\n			9.1.8 Blood Supply to the Brain\n			9.1.9 Cerebral Veins and Dural Venous Sinuses\n		9.2 Developmental Disorders and Malformations of the Brain\n			9.2.1 Embryogenesis of the Nervous System\n			9.2.2 Myelination of the Brain\n			9.2.3 Neural Tube Defects\n			9.2.4 Anomalies of the Medial Structures\n			9.2.5 Disturbances in Cortical Development\n			9.2.6 Schizencephaly, Porencephaly, Hemi-atrophy\n			9.2.7 Holoprosencephaly\n			9.2.8 Developmental Disorders of the Cerebellum and Brain Stem\n			9.2.9 Arachnoid Cysts\n			9.2.10 Neuro-cutaneous Syndromes (Phakomatoses)\n		9.3 Vascular Diseases\n			9.3.1 Intra-cerebral Vascular Malformations\n			9.3.2 Stroke\n			9.3.3 Rare Causes of Vascular Diseases\n		9.4 Intra-cranial Tumours\n			9.4.1 Basics\n			9.4.2 Infra-tentorial Tumours\n			9.4.3 Supra-tentorial Tumours\n			9.4.4 Extra-parenchymal Tumours\n			9.4.5 Malformation and Germ Cell Tumours\n			9.4.6 Other Rare Tumours of the Posterior Cranial Fossa and Base of the Skull\n			9.4.7 Tumours of the Sellar Region\n			9.4.8 Metastases\n		9.5 Cranio-cerebral Trauma\n			9.5.1 Basics\n			9.5.2 Birth Trauma and Other Fractures in Children\n			9.5.3 Other Consequences of Trauma\n			9.5.4 Secondary Consequences of Trauma\n			9.5.5 Child Abuse\n		9.6 Inflammatory Diseases of the Brain\n			9.6.1 Meningitis\n			9.6.2 Complications in Meningitis or Intra-cerebral Infections\n			9.6.3 CNS Infections in Immunosuppressed Patients\n			9.6.4 Spongiform Encephalopathy\n			9.6.5 Parasitic Infections\n			9.6.6 Multiple Sclerosis and Related Diseases\n		9.7 Metabolic Disorders of the Central Nervous System\n			9.7.1 Basics, Definition\n			9.7.2 Leukodystrophies with Primary Hypo-myelination\n			9.7.3 Leukodystrophies with an Unknown Metabolic Defect\n			9.7.4 Leukodystrophies with a Known Defect\n			9.7.5 Peroxisomal Diseases\n			9.7.6 Neurolipidoses\n			9.7.7 Fatty Acid Oxidation Disorders\n			9.7.8 Heteroglycanosis\n			9.7.9 Disorders Affecting the Oxidative Phosphorylation System\n			9.7.10 Metabolic Disorders of Amino Acids\n			9.7.11 Wilson’s Disease\n		9.8 Disorders of the White Matter\n			9.8.1 Primary Demyelination\n			9.8.2 Ischaemic Demyelination\n			9.8.3 Demyelination Caused by Infections\n			9.8.4 Toxic or Metabolically Related Demyelination\n			9.8.5 Dysmyelinating Diseases\n		9.9 Neuro-degenerative Disorders\n			9.9.1 Alzheimer’s Disease\n			9.9.2 Vascular Dementia, Differential Diagnosis from that of AD\n			9.9.3 Fronto-temporal Dementia\n			9.9.4 Parkinson’s Disease\n			9.9.5 Multiple System Atrophy\n			9.9.6 Huntington’s Disease\n			9.9.7 Fahr’s Disease\n			9.9.8 Other Diseases Associated with Degenerative Changes\n		9.10 Hydrocephalus and Intra-cranial Hypotension\n			9.10.1 Hydrocephalus\n		References\n			9.10.2 Low CSF Pressure\n	10 Spinal Column\n		10.1 Anatomy of the Spinal Canal\n			10.1.1 Structure\n			10.1.2 Spine Development\n			10.1.3 Movement of the Spine\n			10.1.4 Spinal Cord\n		10.2 Imaging\n		10.3 Spinal Deformities\n			10.3.1 Spinal Dysraphia\n			10.3.2 Further Deformities of the Spinal Column\n		10.4 Vascular Diseases of the Spinal Cord\n			10.4.1 Vascular Anatomy\n			10.4.2 Vascular Diseases of the Spinal Cord\n		10.5 Spinal Tumours\n			10.5.1 Imaging of Spinal Tumours\n			10.5.2 Intra-medullary Tumours\n			10.5.3 Intra-dural Extra-medullary Tumours\n			10.5.4 Differential Diagnosis\n			10.5.5 Extra-dural Extra-medullary Tumours\n			10.5.6 Lymphoma and Leukaemia\n			10.5.7 Extra-spinal Tumours with Spinal Involvement\n		10.6 Injuries and Trauma of the Spine\n			10.6.1 Fractures of the Cervical Spine\n			10.6.2 Fractures of the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine\n			10.6.3 Spino-ligamentous Injuries\n			10.6.4 Injuries to the Spinal Cord\n			10.6.5 Chronic Post-traumatic Spinal Cord Changes\n			10.6.6 Gunshot Wounds to the Spine\n		10.7 Inflammatory Diseases of the Spinal Canal\n			10.7.1 Extra-dural Inflammatory Diseases\n		10.8 Degenerative Spinal Changes\n			10.8.1 Degenerative Changes in the Bones and Joints\n			10.8.2 Disc Protrusion, Inter-vertebral Disc Prolapse, Sequestered Disc\n		10.9 Post-operative Findings and Indications\n		10.10 Interventional Therapy on the Spinal Column\n			10.10.1 Vertebroplasty/Kyphoplasty\n			10.10.2 Facet Block, Peridural and Periradicular Pain Therapy\nIII Head and Neck\n	11 Temporal Bone and Central Skull Base\n		11.1 Anatomy, Imaging Techniques and Imaging Findings\n			11.1.1 Normal Anatomy\n			11.1.2 Imaging Techniques\n			11.1.3 Specific Imaging Findings\n		11.2 Congenital Anomalies and Malformations\n		11.3 Trauma\n			11.3.1 Longitudinal Fractures of the Temporal Bone\n			11.3.2 Transverse Fractures of the Temporal Bone\n		11.4 Inflammatory Diseases\n		11.5 Tumours\n			11.5.1 Tumours of the Cerebellopontine Angle, Internal Auditory Canal and Inner Ear\n			11.5.2 External Auditory Canal and Middle Ear\n		11.6 Other Disease Entities\n		11.7 Summary\n	12 Nasopharynx and Parapharyngeal Space\n		12.1 Normal Anatomy, Imaging Techniques and Imaging Findings\n			12.1.1 Normal Anatomy\n			12.1.2 Imaging Techniques\n			12.1.3 Specific Imaging Findings\n		12.2 Congenital Malformations\n		12.3 Trauma\n		12.4 Inflammatory and Infectious Diseases\n		12.5 Tumours\n			12.5.1 Benign Tumours\n			12.5.2 Malignant Tumours\n		12.6 Summary\n	13 Face and Paranasal Sinuses\n		13.1 Normal Anatomy, Imaging Techniques and Specific Imaging Findings\n			13.1.1 Normal Anatomy\n			13.1.2 Imaging Techniques\n			13.1.3 Specific Imaging Findings\n		13.2 Congenital Anomalies and Malformations\n		13.3 Trauma\n		13.4 Inflammatory Diseases\n		13.5 Tumours of the Paranasal Sinuses\n			13.5.1 Benign Tumours\n			13.5.2 Malignant Tumours\n		13.6 Imaging Recommendations\n	14 Orbit\n		14.1 Anatomy\n		14.2 Imaging Techniques\n		14.3 Pathological Processes\n			14.3.1 Ocular Lesions\n			14.3.2 Retrobulbar Lesions\n			14.3.3 Ocular Infections\n			14.3.4 Other Ocular Diseases\n			14.3.5 Systemic Diseases with Orbital Involvement\n			14.3.6 Other Diseases of the Orbit Including Neoplasia\n			14.3.7 Primary Bone Lesions\n			14.3.8 Trauma\n		References\n	15 Mandible, Teeth and Temporomandibular Joints\n		15.1 Anatomy, Imaging Techniques and Imaging Findings\n			15.1.1 Anatomy\n			15.1.2 Imaging Techniques\n			15.1.3 Specific Imaging Findings\n		15.2 Congenital Anomalies and Malformations\n		15.3 Trauma\n		15.4 Inflammatory Diseases\n		15.5 Tumours\n		15.6 Summary\n	16 Salivary glands\n		16.1 Normal Topography, Special Investigation Techniques and Specific Imaging Findings\n			16.1.1 Normal Topography\n			16.1.2 Special Investigation Techniques\n			16.1.3 Specific Imaging Findings\n		16.2 Malformations/Abnormalities\n		16.3 Trauma Issues\n		16.4 Inflammatory Issues\n		16.5 Tumours\n		16.6 Systemic Diseases\n		16.7 Summary\n	17 Oropharynx and Oral Cavity\n		17.1 Anatomy, Imaging Techniques and Imaging Findings\n			17.1.1 Normal Anatomy\n			17.1.2 Imaging Techniques\n			17.1.3 Imaging Findings\n		17.2 Congenital Anomalies and Malformations\n		17.3 Trauma\n		17.4 Inflammatory Diseases\n		17.5 Tumours\n			17.5.1 Malignant Tumours\n			17.5.2 Benign Tumours\n		17.6 Summary\n	18 Larynx, Hypopharynx and Soft Tissue of the Neck\n		18.1 Anatomy, Imaging Techniques and Imaging Findings\n			18.1.1 Normal Anatomy\n			18.1.2 Imaging Techniques\n			18.1.3 Imaging Findings\n		18.2 Congenital Anomalies and Malformations\n		18.3 Trauma\n		18.4 Inflammatory Diseases\n		18.5 Tumours\n			18.5.1 Benign Tumours of the Larynx and Hypopharynx\n			18.5.2 Malignant Tumours of the Larynx and Hypopharynx\n			18.5.3 Semi-Malignant Tumours\n			18.5.4 Differential Diagnosis of Neck Masses\n			18.5.5 Rare Tumours\n			18.5.6 Other Mesenchymal Tumours\n		18.6 Summary\nIV Thorax, Mediastinum, Pleura\n	19 Chest and Mediastinum\n		19.1 Normal Anatomy\n		19.2 Imaging Techniques\n		19.3 Systematic Analysis of the Chest Radiograph\n		19.4 Imaging Criteria\n			19.4.1 Imaging Criteria for Assessment of Individual Structures\n			19.4.2 Changes in Lung Translucency\n			19.4.3 Other Specific Image Findings\n		19.5 Congenital Anomalies\n			19.5.1 Bony Skeleton\n			19.5.2 Lungs\n			19.5.3 Mediastinum\n			19.5.4 Trachea\n		19.6 Inflammatory Diseases\n			19.6.1 Pneumonia\n			19.6.2 Bronchiectasis and Associated Conditions\n			19.6.3 Acute Bronchiolitis\n			19.6.4 Chronic Bronchiolitis and Related Diseases\n			19.6.5 Idiopathic Lung Fibrosis\n		19.7 Inhalational Lung Diseases and Foreign Body Aspiration\n			19.7.1 Pneumoconioses\n			19.7.2 Noxious Gas Inhalation\n			19.7.3 Foreign Body Aspiration\n		19.8 Immunological Diseases\n			19.8.1 Systemic Vasculitides\n			19.8.2 Collagen Diseases\n			19.8.3 Amyloidosis\n			19.8.4 Diffuse Pulmonary Haemorrhage\n			19.8.5 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis\n			19.8.6 Sarcoidosis\n			19.8.7 Lymphangioleiomyomatosis\n		19.9 Neurocutaneous Syndromes (Neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis)\n		19.10 Alveolar Microlithiasis\n		19.11 Alveolar Proteinosis\n		19.12 Pulmonary Neoplasms\n			19.12.1 Imaging Findings\n			19.12.2 Benign Pulmonary Tumours\n			19.12.3 Malignant Diseases of the Lungs\n		19.13 Circulation Disorders\n		19.14 Iatrogenic Complications\n		19.15 Chest Trauma\n		19.16 The Mediastinum\n			19.16.1 Mediastinal Inflammations\n			19.16.2 Anterior Mediastinal Masses\n			19.16.3 Middle Mediastinal Masses\n			19.16.4 Posterior Mediastinal Masses\n		19.17 Pleura and Chest Wall\n			19.17.1 Pleura\n			19.17.2 Chest Wall\n		19.18 Lung Interventions\n			19.18.1 Regional Chemotherapy of the Lung\n			19.18.2 Thermal Ablation\n			19.18.3 Laser-Induced Thermotherapy of the Lung\n		References\nV Mammography\n	20 Imaging and Interventional Diagnostics of the Mammary Gland Using X-Ray Mammography, Breast Sonography, and MR Mammography\n		20.1 Anatomy and Development of the Female Breast\n		20.2 X-Ray Mammography\n			20.2.1 History\n			20.2.2 Technical Aspects of X-Ray Mammography\n			20.2.3 Diagnosis/Fields of Application\n		20.3 Sonography\n			20.3.1 History\n			20.3.2 Indications/Fields of Application\n			20.3.3 The Procedure\n			20.3.4 ACR BI-RADS Lexicon (Sonography)\n		20.4 MR Mammography\n			20.4.1 History (Methods)\n			20.4.2 Diagnosis/Fields of Application\n			20.4.3 The Procedure\n			20.4.4 Evaluation/Interpretation\n			20.4.5 ACR BI-RADS Lexicon (MR Mammography)\n			20.4.6 Summary\n			20.4.7 Future Expectations\n		20.5 Interventional Methods in Senology\n		20.6 General Observations on the Treatment of Breast Cancer\n		References\nVI Heart and Vessels\n	21 Heart and Vessels\n		21.1 Normal Topography, Special Investigative Techniques, and Specific Image Analysis\n			21.1.1 Normal Anatomy/Topography\n			21.1.2 Specific Examination Techniques\n			21.1.3 Classification of Image Analysis and Specific Imaging Signs\n		21.2 Differential Diagnosis of Cardiac Diseases\n		References\n	22 Vascular Diagnostics and Interventional Techniques\n		22.1 Normal anatomy and variations, anomalies\n			22.1.1 Abdominal vascular anatomy\n		22.2 Specific examination techniques and image interpretation\n			22.2.1 Imaging techniques\n		22.3 Primary vessel disease\n			22.3.1 Dissections and Aneurysms\n		22.4 Atherosclerotic vascular disease\n		22.5 Inflammatory vascular disease\n			22.5.1 Primary vasculitis\n		22.6 Other vascular diseases\n		References\n	23 Vascular Interventional Therapy\n		23.1 Introduction\n		23.2 Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty\n		23.3 Laser PTA\n		23.4 Stenting and PTA\n		23.5 Lysis Techniques and Atherectomy\n		23.6 Post-Intervention Treatment after Recanalisation\n		23.7 Endovascular Treatment of Aneurysm\n		References\nVII Gastrointestinal Tract\n	24 Liver\n		24.1 Anatomy\n		24.2 Imaging modalities\n			24.2.1 Ultrasound\n			24.2.2 Computed tomography\n			24.2.3 Magnetic resonance imaging\n		24.3 Disorders and variants of liver perfusion\n			24.3.1 Portal venous hypertension\n			24.3.2 Portal vein thrombosis\n			24.3.3 Occlusion of hepatic veins/Budd–Chiari syndrome\n			24.3.4 Right-sided heart insufficiency\n			24.3.5 Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler–Weber–Rendu disease)\n			24.3.6 Peliosis hepatis\n		24.4 Diffuse liver disease\n			24.4.1 Liver steatosis\n			24.4.2 Liver cirrhosis\n			24.4.3 Primary biliary cirrhosis\n			24.4.4 Haemochromatosis and haemosiderosis\n			24.4.5 Other diffuse liver diseases\n		24.5 Focal liver disease: cystic and dysontogenetic changes\n			24.5.1 Liver cysts\n			24.5.2 Biliary hamartomas\n			24.5.3 Mesenchymal hamartomas\n		24.6 Focal liver disease: inflammatory/infectious changes\n			24.6.1 Tuberculosis\n			24.6.2 Hepatic abscesses\n			24.6.3 Hepatic echinococcosis\n		24.7 Focal liver disease: benign/tumour-like lesions\n			24.7.1 Haemangioma\n			24.7.2 Focal nodular hyperplasia\n			24.7.3 Hepatocellular adenoma\n		24.8 Focal liver disease: malignant hepatic tumours\n			24.8.1 Hepatocellular carcinoma\n			24.8.2 Cholangiocarcinoma\n			24.8.3 Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma\n			24.8.4 Epithelioid haemangioendothelioma\n			24.8.5 Angiosarcoma\n			24.8.6 Metastases\n		24.9 Hepatic involvement in systemic disorders\n			24.9.1 Lymphoma\n			24.9.2 Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder\n		24.10 Liver trauma\n	25 Gallbladder and Biliary Tree\n		25.1 Normal Anatomy and Variants\n		25.2 Imaging Techniques\n		25.3 Normal Imaging Findings\n		25.4 Cholestasis\n		25.5 Congenital Malformations of the Biliary Tract\n			25.5.1 Congenital Malformations of the Intrahepatic Bile Ducts\n			25.5.2 Congenital Malformations of the Extrahepatic Bile Ducts\n		25.6 Cholelithiasis\n		25.7 Inflammatory Diseases of the Gall Bladder and Biliary Tract\n			25.7.1 Cholecystitis\n			25.7.2 Cholangitis\n			25.7.3 Stenosing Papillitis\n		25.8 Tumours of the Gallbladder and Biliary Tract\n			25.8.1 Tumour-Like Lesions and Tumours of the Gallbladder\n			25.8.2 Bile Duct Tumours\n		25.9 Trauma and Postoperative Imaging of the Biliary System\n		Further Reading\n	26 Pancreas\n		26.1 Normal Anatomy and Variants\n		26.2 Imaging Techniques\n		26.3 Normal Imaging Findings\n		26.4 Congenital Malformations of the Pancreas\n		26.5 Pancreatitis\n			26.5.1 Acute Pancreatitis\n			26.5.2 Chronic Pancreatitis\n			26.5.3 Autoimmune Pancreatitis\n		26.6 Non-Neoplastic Cystic and Cyst-like Pancreatic Lesions\n			26.6.1 Congenital Cysts\n			26.6.2 Pancreatic Pseudocysts\n			26.6.3 Cystic Pancreatic Neoplasms\n		26.7 Solid Pancreatic Neoplasms\n			26.7.1 Exocrine Neoplasms of the Pancreas\n			26.7.2 Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of the Pancreas\n			26.7.3 Other Primary and Secondary Neoplasms of the Pancreas\n		26.8 Diffuse (Metabolic) Diseases of the Pancreatic Parenchyma\n		26.9 Trauma and Imaging of the Postoperative Pancreas\n		Bibliography\n	27 Spleen\n		27.1 Anatomy and Characteristics Specific to Development\n		27.2 Imaging\n			27.2.1 Indications for Imaging of the Spleen\n			27.2.2 Imaging Techniques\n		27.3 Trauma\n		27.4 Focal Splenic Lesions\n			27.4.1 Cystic Lesions\n			27.4.2 Splenic Tumours\n		27.5 Infectious Disease\n		27.6 Vascular Diseases\n		27.7 Further Splenic Diseases\n	28 Gastrointestinal System\n		28.1 Normal Anatomy, Imaging Strategies and Typical Findings\n			28.1.1 Normal Stomach Anatomy\n			28.1.2 Examination Strategies for the Stomach\n			28.1.3 Normal Duodenal Anatomy\n			28.1.4 Examination of the Duodenum\n			28.1.5 Normal Anatomy of the Small Intestine\n			28.1.6 Imaging Techniques – Small Intestine\n			28.1.7 Normal Anatomy of the Colon\n			28.1.8 Imaging Technique – Colon\n			28.1.9 Normal Anatomy of the Rectum\n			28.1.10 Imaging Techniques – Rectum\n		28.2 Inflammatory Diseases\n			28.2.1 Acute and Chronic Inflammation, Malabsorption, Ulcers Disease, Ischemia, and Acute Abdomen\n		28.3 Congenital Abnormalities and Diverticula\n			28.3.1 Duplications and True Diverticula of the Stomach and the Small Intestine\n		28.4 Benign Epithelial Neoplasia and Familial Polyposis\n		28.5 Benign Tumours\n			28.5.1 Non-epithelial Neoplasias\n		28.6 Malignant Tumours\n		28.7 Trauma\n			28.7.1 Mesenteric and Diaphramatic Injuries\n		28.8 Miscellaneous Gastrointestinal Diseases\n			28.8.1 Intestinal Obstruction and Volvulus\n		Bibliography\nVIII Genitourinary System\n	29 Adrenal Glands\n		29.1 General Information\n		29.2 Anatomy\n		29.3 Imaging Techniques\n		29.4 Adrenal Diseases\n			29.4.1 Benign Lesions and Adrenal Diseases\n			29.4.2 Endocrine Diseases\n			29.4.3 Malignant Adrenal Tumours\n	30 Kidneys, Urinary Tract, and Bladder\n		30.1 Kidneys and Urinary Tract\n			30.1.1 Special Examination Techniques, Normal Topography, and Special Image Findings\n			30.1.2 Abnormal Development and Malformations\n			30.1.3 Benign Tumours\n			30.1.4 Malignant Tumours of the Renal Parenchyma\n			30.1.5 Malignant Tumours of the Renal Pelvis\n			30.1.6 Secondary Renal Tumours\n			30.1.7 Infectious Diseases\n			30.1.8 Nephrocalcinosis and Nephrolithiasis\n			30.1.9 The Ureter\n			30.1.10 Trauma\n		30.2 Urinary Bladder\n			30.2.1 Special Examination Technique, Normal Topography and Specific Image Findings\n			30.2.2 Congenital Malformations and Anomalies\n			30.2.3 Benign Bladder Changes\n			30.2.4 Malignant Bladder Tumours\n			30.2.5 Bladder Calculi\n		References\n	31 Prostate, Testis and Epididymis\n		31.1 The Prostate\n			31.1.1 Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology\n			31.1.2 Special Examination Techniques\n			31.1.3 Different Disease Entities\n		31.2 Testis and Epididymis\n			31.2.1 Anatomy\n			31.2.2 Special Examination Techniques\n			31.2.3 Diseases of the Testis and Epididymis\n		Further Reading\n	32 Diagnostics of the Female Reproductive System\n		32.1 Uterus and Cervix\n			32.1.1 Normal Topography\n			32.1.2 Radiological Methods\n			32.1.3 Congenital Anomalies\n			32.1.4 Sexual Differentiation Disorder\n			32.1.5 Benign Tumours\n			32.1.6 Malignant Tumours of the Uterus\n		32.2 Ovaries and Adnexa\n			32.2.1 Anatomy\n			32.2.2 Radiological Methods\n			32.2.3 Non-Neoplastic Lesions of the Ovaries\n			32.2.4 Inflammation of the Adnexa (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID))\n			32.2.5 Malignant Tumours of the Ovaries\n		32.3 Vulva and Vagina\n			32.3.1 Anatomy\n			32.3.2 Malformations\n			32.3.3 Vaginitis (Colpitis)\n			32.3.4 Malignant Tumours\n		32.4 Imaging in Obstetrics\n			32.4.1 Pelvimetry\n			32.4.2 Administration of Contrast Media During Pregnancy and Lactation\n		32.5 Interventional Therapy Strategies: Female Pelvis\n			32.5.1 Uterine Artery Embolisation (UAE)\n		Bibliography\nIX Bones and Joints\n	33 The Basics Traumatology\n		33.1 The Basics of Fracture\n		33.2 Common Paediatric Fractures\n		33.3 The Basics of Bone and Fracture Healing\n			33.3.1 Primary and Secondary Fracture Healing\n			33.3.2 Complications of Fracture Healing\n	34 Site-Specific Trauma\n		34.1 Skull Fractures\n		34.2 Craniofacial Injury\n		34.3 Mandibular Fracture\n		34.4 Spinal Injury\n		34.5 Injury to the Pectoral Girdle\n		34.6 Elbow Injury\n		34.7 Forearm Shaft Fractures\n		34.8 Wrist and Hand Injury\n		34.9 Pelvic Injury\n		34.10 Hip Injury\n		34.11 Knee Injury\n		34.12 Lower Leg Fractures\n		34.13 Fractures of the Distal Lower Leg and Ankle\n		34.14 Foot Injury\n	35 Inflammatory Bone Diseases\n		35.1 Osteomyelitis\n			35.1.1 Acute Haematogenous Osteomyelitis of Long Bones\n			35.1.2 Chronic Haematogenous Osteomyelitis\n		35.2 Paget’s Disease\n	36 Primary and Secondary Bone Tumours\n		36.1 Basics of Diagnosis\n		36.2 Osteogenic Tumours\n			36.2.1 Benign Osteogenic Tumours\n			36.2.2 Malignant Osteogenic Tumours\n		36.3 Cartilaginous Tumours\n			36.3.1 Benign Cartilaginous Tumours\n			36.3.2 Malignant Cartilaginous Tumours\n		36.4 Fibrous and Histiocytic Tumours\n			36.4.1 Benign Fibrous and Histiocytic Tumours\n			36.4.2 Semi-Malignant Fibrous and Histiocytic Tumours\n			36.4.3 Malignant Fibrous or Histiocytic Tumours\n		36.5 Myelogenic Tumours\n			36.5.1 Benign Myelogenic Tumours\n			36.5.2 Malignant Myelogenic Tumours\n		36.6 Vascular Tumours\n			36.6.1 Benign Vascular Tumours\n			36.6.2 Malignant Vascular Tumours\n		36.7 Other Bone Tumours\n		36.8 Skeletal Metastases\n		References\n	37 Tumour-Like Lesions\n		37.1 Non-Ossifying Fibroma\n		37.2 Simple Bone Cyst\n		37.3 Aneurysmatic Bone Cyst\n		37.4 Ganglion Cyst\n		37.5 Fibrous Dysplasia\n		37.6 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis\n	38 Systemic Skeletal Diseases\n		38.1 Congenital Sclerotic Skeletal Diseases\n		38.2 Acquired Sclerosing Bone Diseases\n		38.3 Metabolic Bone Diseases\n			38.3.1 Osteoporosis (General)\n			38.3.2 Types of Osteoporosis\n			38.3.3 Osteomalacia\n			38.3.4 Hyperparathyroidism\n			38.3.5 Renal Osteopathy\n			38.3.6 Hypoparathyroidism\n			38.3.7 Pseudohypoparathyroidism\n			38.3.8 Osteopathies in Hypo-/Hypervitaminosis\n			38.3.9 Endocrine Bone Diseases\n			38.3.10 Bone Diseases caused by Toxicity\n		38.4 Osteonecrosis and Bone Infarction\n			38.4.1 Osteonecrosis in Adults\n			38.4.2 Osteonecrosis in Children and Adolescents\n			38.4.3 Bone Infarction\n		38.5 Bone Changes in Diseases of Haematopoietic and Reticulohistiocytic Systems\n			38.5.1 Anaemia\n			38.5.2 Myeloproliferative Diseases and Leukaemias\n			38.5.3 Diseases of Reticulohistiocytic Systems\n		38.6 Systemic Osteoarthropathies\n			38.6.1 Phakomatoses\n			38.6.2 Amyloidosis\n			38.6.3 Sarcoidosis\n		Bibliography\n	39 Diseases of the Joints\n		39.1 Diseases of the Joints (General Section)\n			39.1.1 Rheumatoid Arthritis\n			39.1.2 Juvenile Chronic Arthritis\n			39.1.3 Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies\n			39.1.4 Collagenoses\n			39.1.5 Crystal Deposition Arthropathies\n			39.1.6 Other Arthropathies\n			39.1.7 Osteoarthritis\n			39.1.8 Infectious Spondylitis and Spondylodiscitis\n			39.1.9 Skeletal Tuberculosis Including Spondylitis\n			39.1.10 Degenerative Diseases of the Spine\n		39.2 Diseases of the Joints (Special Section)\n			39.2.1 Shoulder Joint\n			39.2.2 Elbow Joint\n			39.2.3 Knee Joint\n			39.2.4 Hip Joint\n			39.2.5 Foot\n		References\nBackmatter\n	Subject Index