Diabetes in children and adolescents : a guide to diagnosis and management

Series Editor Foreword
Contents
Contributors
Part I: Type 1 Diabetes
	1: Introduction
		Introduction
		Putting Advances in Treatment of T1D in Perspective
		Turning the Corner
		So, What’s the Problem?
		Is There a Light at the End of the Tunnel?
		What About Pediatric Type 2 Diabetes (T2D)?
		References
	2: Pathophysiology of Types of Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes
		Introduction
		Normal Physiology of the β-Cell’s Secretion of Insulin
		β-Cell Dysfunction and Reduced Mass as Basis for Hyperglycemia Associated with Diabetes
		Type 1 Diabetes
		Type 2 Diabetes
		Pathophysiology of Hyperglycemia and Ketogenesis
		References
	3: Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes
		Epidemiology
		Genetics
		Diagnosis
		Screening for Type 1 Diabetes
		Distinguishing Type 1 from Type 2 Diabetes
		References
	4: Initial Management of Youth with Type 1 Diabetes
		Background
		Initial Treatment Regimen
		Clinical Outcomes During the First Year of Treatment
		Conclusions
		References
	5: Insulin Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes
		Background
		Insulin Action and Secretion
		Insulin Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes
			Animal and Human Insulin Preparations
			Current Basal/Bolus Regimens Using Insulin Analogs
		References
	6: Insulin Pump Therapy
		Background
		Today’s Insulin Pumps
		Identifying Pediatric Pump Candidates
		Choosing an Insulin Pump
		Fulfilling the Promise of Insulin Pump Therapy
		References
	7: Glucose Monitoring
		Background
		Dawn of the Era of Intensive Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes (T1D)
		References
	8: Automated Insulin Delivery
		Background
		Initial Small Steps in Automating Insulin Delivery
		Current Hybrid Closed-Loop Systems
		Future Automated Insulin Delivery Systems
		References
	9: Medical Nutritional Therapy
		Background
		Medical Nutritional Therapy
		Carbohydrates
		Glycemic Index (GI)
		Protein
		Fat
		Carbohydrate Counting
		Low-Carbohydrate Diets
		Mixed Meals
		Special Occasions
		References
			Suggested Readings
	10: Acute Diabetes Complications
		Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
			Epidemiology and Risk Factors of DKA
			Clinical Presentation and Pathophysiology of DKA
			Classification of DKA
			DKA Management
			Cerebral Edema
			Treatment of Cerebral Edema
			Other Complications of DKA
		Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS)
			Pathophysiology of HHS
			HHS Management
			Complications of HHS
		Hypoglycemia
			Definition and Classification of Hypoglycemia in Diabetes
			Epidemiology/Frequency of Hypoglycemia
			Risk Factors of Hypoglycemia
			Hypoglycemia-Associated Autonomic Failure (HAAF)
			Treatment of Hypoglycemia
			Complications of Hypoglycemia
			Prevention of Hypoglycemia
		References
	11: Sick Day Management
		The Challenge
		Sick Day Management
			Sick Day Guidelines
			Recognizing DKA When Treated with Sodium-Glucose Transport Protein 2 (SGLT) Inhibitors
		References
	12: Screening for Comorbidities and Complications of T1D
		References
	13: Adjunctive Therapies for Type 1 Diabetes
		Background
		Pramlintide
		Metformin
		Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP1) Receptor Agonists and Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors
		Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors (SGLT2i) and Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-1/2 Inhibitors (SGLT-1/2i)
		References
	14: Exercise and Diabetes
		Exercise and Diabetes
		References
	15: Psychosocial Challenges of Diabetes
		Introduction
		Common Psychosocial Challenges
		Interventions
		References
	16: Managing Type 1 Diabetes: A Young Patient’s View
		Patrick’s Story
			Diagnosis
			Provider Visits
			Taboo Topics
		Kathryn’s Story
			Early Life with T1D
			Childhood
			Adolescence
			Young Adulthood
			To the Providers Who Serve Young People with T1D
		Conclusion
Part II: Type 2 Diabetes
	17: Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Association with Pediatric Diabetes
		Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) in Pediatrics
		NAFLD in Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D)
		NAFLD and T1D
		Therapeutic Approach to NAFLD
		References
	18: Current Treatment of Pediatric Type 2 Diabetes
		Overview
		Treatment of Pediatric T2D
		Insulin
		Why Have So Many Clinical Trials of New Drugs for Youth with T2D Failed?
		A New Consortium Approach to Completing Clinical Trials for Pediatric T2D
		Phase 3 Clinical Trial of Liraglutide in Youth with T2D
		References
	19: The Yale Bright Bodies Lifestyle Intervention Program: An Intensive Lifestyle Intervention for Obese Children and Adolescents With and Without T2D
		Background
			Setting of Bright Bodies Lifestyle Intervention (BB LSI)
			Program Format
		Program Components
			Behavior Modification Component of the BB LSI
			Exercise Component of the BB LSI
			Nutrition Education Component of the BB LSI
			Caregiver’s Role in the BB LSI
		Program Incentives
			Bright Bodies Bucks
			Certificates
		The Successes of the BB LSI Program
			Anthropometrics and Metabolic Improvement
			Psychosocial Improvements
			Modest Weight Losses for Improved Blood Glucose Control
			An Illustrative Examples
			Personal Comments from Our Children and Families
		Summary
		References
	20: The Yale Children’s Diabetes Program
		The Yale Children’s Diabetes Program
			Welcome
			Our Team
			Our Philosophy
		What Is Diabetes?
			Type 1 Diabetes (T1D)
			Type 2 Diabetes (T2D)
			Medication-Related Diabetes
			Cystic Fibrosis–Related Diabetes
			The Pancreas, Beta Cells, and Insulin
		The Ins and Outs of Giving Insulin
			Using an Insulin Pen
			Injecting Insulin
			A Brief Introduction to Insulin Pump Therapy
		Testing Your Blood Sugar
			How Do I Track My Blood Sugar Levels?
			What the Numbers Mean
			A Brief Introduction to Continuous Glucose Monitors
			Hemoglobin A1c Levels
			Time in Range
			Low Blood Sugar
			Treating Low Blood Sugar
			High Blood Sugar
			Ketones, Ketosis, and Diabetic Ketoacidosis
		Exercise and Diabetes
		What Do I Eat Now? A Basic Guide to Nutrition
			Carbohydrate Counting
			Using a Nutrition Facts Label to Count Carbohydrates
			Suggested Carbohydrate Ranges for Meals and Snacks
			Free Foods
		Sick Day Management
			Sick Day Guidelines
		Diabetes and School
			Suggestions for School Success
		Mental Health and Diabetes
		Leaving the Hospital
			How to Reach the Diabetes Team
		Coming to Clinic
		Appendix A
			Log Book Pages
		Appendix B
			Accessing your Diabetes Data
Index