Diabetes : an old disease, a new insight

Cover\r......Page 1
Title Page\r......Page 4
Dedication Page\r......Page 6
ABOUT THE EDITOR.........Page 7
PARTICIPANTS......Page 8
Table of Contents......Page 14
PROLOGUE......Page 25
DIABETES IN SOME PARTS OF THE WORLD IS NOT CONSIDERED A DISEASE......Page 26
MEASUREMENT OF BLOOD SUGAR......Page 27
DIET FOR DIABETIC PATIENTS......Page 28
HUNGER AND DIABETES......Page 29
2. Control......Page 30
REFERENCES......Page 31
INTRODUCTION......Page 32
Regulation of Blood Glucose......Page 33
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus......Page 34
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus......Page 35
DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA......Page 36
Management of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus......Page 37
FUTURE OF DRUGS AND THERAPIES FOR DIABETES MELLITUS......Page 38
MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS......Page 39
PERIODONTAL AND FOOT DISEASES......Page 40
REFERENCES......Page 41
INTRODUCTION......Page 43
TYPE 1 DIABETES......Page 44
AUTOIMMUNE OR TYPE 1A DIABETES......Page 45
MATURITY-ONSET DIABETES OF THE YOUNG......Page 46
DIABETES DUE TO DISEASES OF THE EXOCRINE PANCREAS......Page 47
CONCLUSION......Page 48
REFERENCES......Page 49
EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 51
GENETIC BACKGROUND......Page 52
CONCLUSION......Page 53
REFERENCES......Page 54
INTRODUCTION......Page 55
LOW RISK FACTORS FOR GDM......Page 56
Miscarriages......Page 57
Post-Delivery Complications......Page 58
Diagnostic Criteria of GDM......Page 59
Medical Nutritional Therapy......Page 60
Oral Anti-Diabetics......Page 61
Whether to Induce Labor and When?......Page 62
Management of the Neonate......Page 63
REFERENCES......Page 64
INTRODUCTION......Page 66
PREVALENCE OF DIABETES AND DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS......Page 67
REFERENCES......Page 71
INTRODUCTION......Page 73
PRESENT PREVALENCE AND FUTURE TRENDS OF T2DM......Page 74
Adipokines......Page 77
Adenosine Monophospate-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK)......Page 78
T2DM, Insulin Resistance in the Brain and Neurodegeneration......Page 79
REFERENCES......Page 80
INTRODUCTION......Page 82
EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 83
CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSTIC CHALLENGES......Page 84
Nephropathy......Page 85
Neuropathy......Page 86
Macrovascular Disease......Page 87
CHALLENGES IN CLINICAL MANAGEMENT......Page 88
FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS......Page 89
REFERENCES......Page 90
INTRODUCTION......Page 93
PATHOGENESIS......Page 94
T Cells, Priming and Disease Initiation......Page 96
Signal 2......Page 97
Autoreactive CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells......Page 98
B Lymphocytes\r......Page 99
Monocytes, Dendritic Cells, and Macrophages\r......Page 100
LOSS OF β-CELL FUNCTION\r......Page 101
Viral Infections......Page 102
CONCLUSION......Page 103
REFERENCES......Page 104
CHAPTER 9 PERIODONTAL DISEASE AND DIABETES......Page 107
Classification of DM......Page 108
Prevalence......Page 109
PERIODONTAL DISEASE......Page 110
Etiology and Pathogenesis......Page 111
Direct Causal Relationship......Page 113
PERIODONTAL TREATMENT AND ITS INFLUENCE ON DIABETES......Page 114
REFERENCES......Page 117
SIGNS, SYMPTOMS AND METHODS OF EXAMINATION......Page 119
Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (NPDR)......Page 120
Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR)......Page 122
Diabetic Maculopathy......Page 123
Advanced Diabetic Eye Disease......Page 124
Microaneurysms......Page 125
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY......Page 126
Blood Pressure Control......Page 129
Emerging Drugs for Diabetic Retinopathy......Page 130
Fenofibrate......Page 131
Hyaluronidase......Page 132
REFERENCES......Page 133
INTRODUCTION......Page 138
SCREENING FOR NEPHROPATHY......Page 139
RISK FACTORS......Page 140
HEMODYNAMIC PATHWAYS......Page 141
METABOLIC PATHWAYS......Page 142
Oxidative Stress......Page 143
RELATION BETWEEN DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY AND RETINOPATHY......Page 144
TREATMENT......Page 145
BLOOD PRESSURE AND PROTEINURIC CONTROL......Page 146
TYPE 2 DIABETES......Page 147
PROTEIN RESTRICTION......Page 148
INTENSIVE COMBINED THERAPY......Page 149
REFERENCES......Page 150
CHAPTER 12 DIABETIC FOOT: A Continuing Challenge......Page 154
PATHOGENESIS OF DIABETIC FOOT......Page 155
INFECTION......Page 157
CLINICAL EVALUATION OF PATIENTS WITH DIABETIC FOOT......Page 158
Ischemia Classification......Page 159
INVESTIGATIONS......Page 160
TREATMENT OF DIABETIC FOOT......Page 161
Soft Tissue Coverage of the Clean but Nonhealing Wound......Page 163
Revascularization......Page 164
CONCLUSION......Page 165
REFERENCES......Page 166
INTRODUCTION......Page 170
Goals for Glycemic Control......Page 171
Association of Glycemic Variability with Oxidative Stress......Page 173
CHALLENGES FOR ACHIEVING GLYCEMIC CONTROL......Page 175
Differences in Insulin Preparations......Page 176
Pharmacological Differences......Page 177
Other Diabetes Medications and Glycemic Variability......Page 178
Challenges in the Hospital Setting......Page 179
REFERENCES......Page 180
INTRODUCTION......Page 186
EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 187
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY......Page 188
CLASS I-SUBCLINICAL SOMATIC DN......Page 189
Focal/Multifocal......Page 190
Acute Painful Neuropathy of Rapidly Improved Glycaemic Control (Insulin Neuritis).......Page 192
Typical Chronic Distal Symmetric Sensory/Sensorimotor......Page 193
Diagnosis and Staging of DSPN......Page 195
Treatment......Page 197
PAINFUL DN......Page 199
SCREENING FOR DN......Page 201
CONCLUSION......Page 202
REFERENCES......Page 203
INTRODUCTION......Page 207
Classification of Diabetic Neuropathy......Page 208
CARDIOVASCULAR AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY......Page 209
GASTROINTESTINAL AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY (GIAN)......Page 212
Diabetic Diarrhea......Page 215
Diabetic Erectile Dysfunction......Page 216
Retrograde Ejaculation......Page 217
Female Sexual Dysfunction......Page 218
Sudomotor Autonomic Neuropathy......Page 219
CONCLUSION......Page 220
REFERENCES......Page 221
INTRODUCTION......Page 225
HLA Genes......Page 227
ISLET CELL AUTOIMMUNITY......Page 228
Antibodies Anti Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase......Page 229
T-Lymphocytes and Islet Autoantigens......Page 230
Central Tolerance......Page 231
Peripheral Tolerance......Page 232
Dendritic Cells......Page 234
Regulatory T-Lymphocytes......Page 235
IMMUNOBIOLOGY OF β-CELL DESTRUCTION......Page 236
Viruses......Page 238
Antigen Presentation in Pancreatic Lymph Nodes......Page 239
Homing of T-Lymphocytes and Insulitis......Page 240
β-Cell Destruction......Page 241
REFERENCES......Page 242
INTRODUCTION......Page 250
HYPERGLYCAEMIA AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN DIABETES......Page 252
DYSLIPIDEMIA AND DIABETES......Page 255
PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN DIABETES......Page 256
REFERENCES......Page 258
INTRODUCTION......Page 260
PANCREATIC CANCER......Page 261
PANCREATIC CANCER BIOLOGY......Page 263
DIAGNOSING PANCREATIC CANCER......Page 264
DIABETES AND PANCREATIC CANCER......Page 266
PANCREATIC CANCER AND ANTIDIABETIC THERAPY......Page 267
REFERENCES......Page 268
INTRODUCTION......Page 271
INSULIN SIGNALING PATHWAY......Page 272
IMPAIRED INSULIN SIGNALING PATHWAY......Page 273
ADIPOCYTE DYSFUNCTION AND INSULIN RESISTANCE......Page 274
Circulating Fatty Acids......Page 275
Dysregulation of Adipokines Secretion......Page 276
Retinol Binding Protein 4......Page 277
CONCLUSION......Page 278
REFERENCES......Page 279
INTRODUCTION......Page 283
VIRUSES AND GENETIC RISK FOR TYPE 1 DIABETES......Page 284
VIRAL MECHANISMS OF TYPE 1 DIABETES INDUCTION......Page 285
Enteroviruses: Coxsackieviruses B......Page 288
Parechoviruses: Ljungan Virus......Page 292
Kilham Rat Virus......Page 293
Rubella Virus......Page 294
Enteroviruses: Coxsackie B Virus......Page 295
CONCLUSION......Page 297
REFERENCES......Page 298
INTRODUCTION......Page 303
HYPERGLYCEMIA AND OXIDATIVE STRESS......Page 304
METABOLIC SYNDROME, TYPE 2 DIABETES, INSULIN RESISTANCE AND OXIDATIVE STRESS......Page 307
DIRECT AND INDIRECT DETECTION OF FREE RADICALS IN DIABETES: BIOMARKER OR MECHANISM?......Page 310
CONCLUSION......Page 313
REFERENCES......Page 314
INTRODUCTION......Page 319
Morphometric Studies......Page 321
β-Cell Death......Page 322
β-Cell Regeneration......Page 323
Lessons from Exocrine Pancreas Diseases and Pancreatectomy......Page 325
Insulin Secretion from Type 2 Diabetic Islets......Page 326
THE MOLECULAR PHENOTYPE OF THE β CELL IN TYPE 2 DIABETES......Page 327
THE ROLE OF GENETIC FACTORS......Page 329
Glucotoxicity......Page 330
Lipotoxicity......Page 331
Glucotoxicity in Type 2 Diabetic Islets......Page 333
Amylin and Inflammation......Page 334
REVERSIBILITY OF TYPE 2 DIABETES β-CELL DAMAGE......Page 335
REFERENCES......Page 336
INTRODUCTION......Page 341
THE DEFINITION OF TYPE 1 DIABETES......Page 342
PATHOLOGY OF PANCREAS IN DIABETES BE FORE CLINICAL ONSET......Page 344
PATHOLOGY OF PANCREAS IN DIABETES AT ONSET......Page 345
PATHOLOGY OF LONG STANDING DIABETES......Page 346
REFERENCES......Page 348
Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion......Page 350
Metabolic Coupled Mechanism......Page 351
NON-ESTERIFIED FATTY ACIDS AS MODULATORS OF THE GSIS......Page 352
Pyruvate Cycling......Page 353
Mitochondrial Guanosine Triphosphate Pathway......Page 354
LIPIDS......Page 355
COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES AND OTHERS......Page 356
Glucokinase Activators......Page 357
G-Protein Coupled Receptors Agonists......Page 359
Incretin-Based Therapy......Page 363
CONCLUSION......Page 364
REFERENCES......Page 366
INTRODUCTION......Page 371
DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA OF DIABETES MELLITUS......Page 372
Features of Complications......Page 373
Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State......Page 374
Factors Affecting HbA1c......Page 375
Glycosuria......Page 376
Circulating Autoantibodies......Page 377
Insulin Resistance......Page 378
β-Cell Dysfunction......Page 379
Reduction in β-Cell Mass......Page 380
Leptin......Page 381
Role of Genetics in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus......Page 382
CONCLUSION......Page 383
REFERENCES......Page 384
INTRODUCTION......Page 387
Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT)......Page 388
Bariatric Surgery for Obesity......Page 389
PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF DIABETES......Page 390
Oral Anti-Diabetic Medications......Page 391
Commonly Prescribed Oral Anti-Diabetic Medications......Page 392
Sulfonylureas......Page 393
Meglitinides......Page 394
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs)......Page 395
α-Glucosidase Inhibitors......Page 396
Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitors (DPP-IV inhibitors)......Page 397
GLP-1 Analogues......Page 398
Insulin......Page 399
Rapidly-Acting Insulin Analogues......Page 400
Long-Acting Insulin Analogues......Page 401
Basal Insulin......Page 402
Insulin Allergy......Page 403
Islet Cell Regeneration Therapy......Page 404
Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter Inhibitors (SGLT2)......Page 405
Oral Insulin 122......Page 406
REFERENCES......Page 407
INTRODUCTION......Page 412
β-Glucan......Page 413
Psyllium......Page 414
Agaricus......Page 415
Bitter Melon......Page 416
Cassia Cinnamon......Page 417
Salacia......Page 418
Pycnogenol......Page 419
Chromium......Page 420
Magnesium......Page 421
Niacinamide......Page 422
REFERENCES......Page 423
INTRODUCTION......Page 427
Traditional Chinese Medicine......Page 428
Ayurveda Herbalism......Page 429
Panax Ginseng......Page 430
HERBAL MEDICINES INHIBITING GLUCOSE PRODUCTION IN THE LIVER......Page 431
Coptis Chlnensis......Page 433
Camellia Sinensis......Page 434
Panax Ginseng......Page 435
Pueraria Lobata......Page 436
HERBAL MEDICINES INHIBITING GLUCOSE ABSORPTIONF ROM THE INTESTINE......Page 437
CONCLUSION......Page 439
REFERENCES......Page 440
INTRODUCTION......Page 445
CLINICAL EFFICACY AND SAFETY......Page 446
CSII in Paediatric Patients 15, 16......Page 448
REFERENCES......Page 449
INTRODUCTION......Page 451
RECIPIENT SELECTION AND WORK-UP......Page 452
Pancreas Retrieval Surgery......Page 454
Back-Bench Preparation of the Pancreas Prior to Implantation......Page 456
The Implantation Procedure......Page 457
Immunosuppression......Page 459
Anticoagulation......Page 460
COMPLICATIONS OF PANCREATIC TRANSPLANTATION......Page 461
Graft Rejection......Page 462
Graft Thrombosis......Page 463
Peripancreatic Collections......Page 464
Systemic Complications......Page 465
CONCLUSION......Page 466
REFERENCES......Page 467
INTRODUCTION......Page 469
Micro-Vascular Outcomes......Page 470
Value of Tight Control......Page 471
Dietary Therapy......Page 472
Physical Activity......Page 473
Outcomes of Lifestyle Modification in Patients with, or at Risk of, Diabetes......Page 474
Delivering Lifestyle Modification Interventions......Page 475
Bariatric Surgery......Page 477
Incretins......Page 478
Biguanides......Page 479
Other Agents......Page 480
Insulin......Page 481
Principles of Treatment-Guidelines......Page 482
REFERENCES......Page 484
INTRODUCTION......Page 490
WEIGHT REDUCTION IN TYPE 2 DIABETIC PATIENT......Page 491
ANTIDIABETIC DRUGS AND WEIGHT......Page 492
INCRETIN BASED THERAPY......Page 493
REFERENCES......Page 494
INTRODUCTION......Page 496
ASSESSMENT OF DIABETES-ASSOCIATED COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION......Page 497
Glycemic Control in Diabetic Patients with Cognitive Impairment......Page 498
Care in Diabetic Patients with Cognitive Impairment......Page 499
REFERENCES......Page 500
RAISE PEOPLE\'S AWARENESS......Page 502
NOTES......Page 503
INDEX......Page 504