DeVita, Hellman, and Rosenberg’s Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology

Cancer Principles & Practice of Oncology
CONTRIBUTORS
PREFACE
Acknowledgments
CONTENTS
PART I Principles of Oncology
	1 Cancer Genome
		introduction
		CANCER GENES AND THEIR MUTATIONS
		IDENTIFICATION OF CANCER GENES
		SOMATIC ALTERATION CLASSES DETECTED BY CANCER GENOME ANALY SIS
		PATHWAY-ORIENTED MODELS OF CANCER GENOME ANALY SIS
		NETWORKS OF CANCER GENOME PROJECTS
		THE GENOMIC LANDSCAPE OF CANCERS
		INTEGRATIVE ANALY SIS OF CANCER GENOMICS
		THE CANCER GENOME AND THE NEW TAXONOMY OF TUMORS
		CANCER GENOMICS AND DRUG RESISTANCE
		PERSPECTIVES OF CANCER GENOME ANALY SIS
		Acknowledgments
	2 Hallmarks of Cancer: An Organizing Principle for Cancer Medicine
		Introduction
		HALLMARK CAPABILITIES, IN ESSENCE
		TWO UBIQUITOUS CHARACTERISTICS FACILITATE THE ACQUISITION OF HALLMARK CAPABILITIES
		THE CONSTITUENT CELL TYPES OF THE TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT
		THERAPEUTIC TARGETING OF THE HALLMARKS OF CANCER
		CONCLUSION AND A VISION FOR THE FUTURE
		Acknowledgment
	3 Molecular Methods in Cancer
		Applications of Molecular Diagnostics in Oncology
		The Clinical Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory: Rules and Regulations
		Specimen Requirements for Molecular Diagnostics
		Molecular Diagnostics Testing Process
		Technologies
PART II Etiology and Epidemiology of Cancer
	Section 1 Etiology of Cancer
		4 Tobacco
			introduction
			EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TOBACCO AND CANCER
			CARCINOGENS IN TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND PROCESSES OF CANCER DEVELOPMENT
		5 Oncogenic Viruses
			PRINCIPLES OF TUMOR VIROLOGY
			PAPILLOMAVIRUSES
			POLYOMAVIRUSES
			EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS
			KAPOSI’s SARCOMA HERPESVIRUS
			ANIMAL AND HUMAN RETRO VIRUSES
			HEPATITIS VIRUSES
			CONCLUSION
		6 Inflammation
			Introduction
			MOLECULAR BASIS OF INFLAMMATION
			ROLE OF INFLAMMATION IN TRANSFORMATION
			ROLE OF INFLAMMATION IN SURVIVAL
			ROLE OF INFLAMMATION IN PROLIF ERATION
			ROLE OF INFLAMMATION IN INVASION
			ROLE OF INFLAMMATION IN ANGIOGENESIS
			ROLE OF INFLAMMATION IN META STASIS
			EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND INFLAMMATION
			ROLE OF INFLAMMATION IN CANCER DIAGNOSIS
			INFLAMMATION AND GENOMICS
			INFLAMMATION AND TARGETED THERAPIES
			CONCLUSIONS
		7 Chemical Factors
			Introduction
			THE NAT URE OF CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS: CHEMISTRY AND META BOLISM
			ANIMAL MODEL SYSTEMS AND CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS
			MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY, CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS, AND CANCER RISK IN HUMAN POPULATION S
			ARISTOLO CHIC ACID AND UROT HELIAL CANCERS AS A MODEL FOR IDENTIFYING HUMAN CARCINOGENS
		8 Physical Factors
			INTRODUCTION
			IONIZING RADIATION
			ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT
			RADIOFREQUENCY AND MICROWAVE RADIATION
			ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
			ASBESTOS
			NANOPARTICLES
		9 Dietary Factors
			Introduction
			METHODOLOGIC CHALLENGES
			THE ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL FOOD AND NUTRIENTS IN CANCER ETIOLOGY
			OTHER FOODS AND NUTRIENTS
			DIETARY PATTERNS
			DIET DURING THE EARLY PHASES OF LIFE
			DIET AFTER A DIAGNOSIS OF CANCER
			SUMMARY
			LIMITATIONS
			FUTURE DIRECTIONS
			RECOMMENDATIONS
		10 Obesity and Physical Activity
			INTRODUCTION
			BREAST CANCER
			COLON AND RECTAL CANCER
			ENDOMETRIAL CANCER
			ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE ESOPHAGUS
			KIDNEY/RENAL CELL CANCER
			PANCREATIC CANCER
			GALLBLADDER CANCER
			NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA
			PROSTATE CANCER
			LUNG CANCER
			OVARIAN CANCER
			CONCLUSIONS
	Section 2 Epidemiology of Cancer
		11 Epidemiologic Methods
			Introduction
			ANALYTICAL STUDIES
			INTERPRETATION OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC FINDINGS
			CANCER OUTCOMES RESEARCH
			MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY
		12 Trends in United States Cancer Mortality
			INTRODUCTION
			CANCER SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS
			MAKING SENSE OF CANCER TRENDS
			TRENDS IN CANCER RISK FACTORS AND SCREENING
			CANCER INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY
			PREDICTING FUTURE CANCER TRENDS
PART III Cancer Therapeutics
	13 Essentials of Radiation Therapy
		INTRODUCTION
		BIOLOGIC ASPECTS OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY
		FACTORS THAT AFFECT RADIATION RESPONSE
		DRUGS THAT AFFECT RADIATION SENSITIVITY
		RADIATION PHYSICS
		TREATMENT PLANNING
		OTHER TREATMENT MODALITIES
		CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF RADIATION THERAPY
		TREATMENT INTENT
		FRACTIONATION
		ADVERSE EFFECTS
		PRINCIPLES OF COMBINING ANTICANCER AGENTS WITH RADIATION THERAPY
	14 Cancer Immunotherapy
		Introduction
		HUMAN TUMOR ANTIGENS
		HUMAN CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPIES
	15 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Anticancer Drugs
		INTRODUCTION
		PHARMACOKINETIC CONCEPTS
		PHARMACODYNAMIC CONCEPTS
		VARIABILITY IN PHARMACOKINETICS/ PHARMACODYNAMICS
		DOSE-ADAPTATION USING PHARMACOKINETIC/PHARMACODYNAMIC PRINCIPLES
	16 Pharmacogenomics
		Introduction
		PHARMACOGENOMICS OF TUMOR RESPONSE
		PHARMACOGENOMICS OF CHEMOTHERAPY DRUG TOXICITY
		CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
	17 Alkylating Agents
		PERSPECTIVES
		CHEMISTRY
		CLASSIFICATION
		CLINICAL PHARMACOKINETICS/ PHARMACODYNAMICS
		THERAPEUTIC USES
		TOXICITIES
		COMPLICATIONS WITH HIGH-DOSE ALKYLATING AGENT THERAPY
		ALKYLATING AGENT–STEROID CONJUGATES
		DRUG RESISTANCE AND MODULATION
		RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
	18 Platinum Analogs
		Introduction
		HISTORY
		PLATINUM CHEMISTRY
		PLATINUM COMPLEXES AFTER CISPLATIN
		MECHANISM OF ACTION
		CELLULAR RESPONSES TO PLATINUM-INDUCED DNA DAMAGE
		IS DNA THE ONLY TARGET?
		MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE
		CLINICAL PHARMACO LOGY
		FORMULATION AND ADMINISTRATION
		TOXICITY
	19 Antimetabolites
		ANTIFOLATES
		5-FLUOROPYRIMIDINES
		CAPECITABINE
		CYTARABINE
		GEMCITABINE
		6-THIOPURINES
		FLUDARABINE
		CLADRIBINE
		CLOFARABINE
	20 Topoisomerase Interactive Agents
		CLASSIFICATION, BIOCHEMICAL, AND BIOLOGIC FUNCTIONS OF TOPOISOMERASES
		TOPOISOMERASE INHIBITORS AS INTERFACIAL POISONS
		Topoisomerase I Inhibitors : Camptothecins and Beyond
		TOPOISOMERASE II INHIBITORS: INTERCALATORS AND NONINTERCALATORS
		THERAPY-RELATED SECONDARY ACUTE LEUKEMIA
		FUTURE DIRECTIONS
	21 Agents
		MICROTUBULES
		TAXANES
		VINCA ALKALOIDS
		MICROTUBULE ANTAGONISTS
		MITOTIC MOTOR PROTEIN INHIBITORS
		MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE TO MICROTUBULE INHIBITORS
	22 Kinase Inhibitors as Anticancer Drugs
		INTRODUCTION
		EARLY SUCCESSES: TAR GETING CANCERS WITH WELL-KNOWN KINASE MUTATI ONS (BCR-ABL, KIT, HER2)
		DIRECTLY TARGETING THE PI3K PATH WAY
		COMBINATIONS OF KINASE INHIBITORS TO INDUCT RESPONSE AND PREVENT RESISTANCE
		SPECULATI ONS ON THE FUTURE ROLE OF KINASE INHIBITORS IN CANCER MEDICINE
	23 Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors and Demethylating Agents
		INTRODUCTION
		EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES AND GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES IN CANCER
		HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS
		EPIGENETIC THERAPY FOR HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES
		NEW APROACHES TO EPIGENETIC THERAPY
	24 Proteasome Inhibitors
		BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE UBIQUITIN-PROTEASOME PATHWAY
		PROTEASOME INHIBITORS
		PROTEASOME INHIBITORS IN CANCER
	25 Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors
		INTRODUCTION
		CELLULAR DNA REPAIR PATHWAYS
		THE DEVELOPMENT OF PARP INHIBITORS
		BRCA1 AND BRCA2 MUTATIONS AND DNA REPAIR
		PARP -1 INHIBITION AS A SYNTHETIC LETHAL THERAPEUTIC STRATE GY FOR THE TREAT MENT OF BRCA -DEFICIENT CANCERS
		INITIAL CLINICAL RESULTS TESTING SYNTHETIC LETHALITY OF PARP INHIBITORS AND BRCA MUTATION
		THE USE OF PARP INHIBITORS IN SPORADIC CANCERS
		MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE TO PARP INHIBITORS
		PROSPECTS
	26 Miscellaneous Chemotherapeutic Agents
		HOMOHARRINGTONINE AND OMACETAXINE
		L-ASPARAGINASE
		BLEOMYCIN
		PROCARBAZINE
		SIROLIMUS AND TEMSIROLIMUS
		VISMODEGIB
		ADO-TRASTUZUMAB EMTANSINE
		SIROLIMUS AND TEMSIROLIMUS
		EVEROLIMUS
		THALIDOMIDE, LENALIDOMIDE, AND POMALIDOMIDE
	27 Hormonal Agents
		Introduction
		SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATORS
		AROMATASE INHIBITORS
		GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE ANALOGS
		GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE ANTAGONISTS
		ANTIANDROGENS
		NOVEL ANTIANDROGENS
		OTHER SEX STEROID THERAPIES
		OTHER HORMONAL THERAPIES
	28 Antiangiogenesis Agents
		INTRODUCTION
		UNDERSTANDING THE ANGIOGENIC PROCESS
		DRUG DEVELOPMENT OF ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITORS
		CLINICAL UTILITY OF APPROVED ANTIANGIOGENIC AGENTS IN CANCER THERAPY
		COMBINATION THERAPIES
		BIOMARKERS OF ANTIANGIOGENIC THERAPY
		RESISTANCE TO ANTIANGIOGENIC THERAPY
	29 Monoclonal Antibodies
		INTRODUCTION
		IMMUNOGLOBULIN STRUCTURE
		MODIFIED ANTIBODY-BASED MOLECULES
		FACTORS REGULATING ANTIBODY-BASED TUMOR TARGETING
		UNCONJUGATED ANTIBODIES
		ALTERING SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
		IMMUNOCONJUGATES
		ANTIBODIES APPROVED FOR USE IN SOLID TUMORS
		ANTIBODIES USED IN HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES
		CONCLUSION
	30 Assessment of Clinical Response
		INTRODUCTION
		ASSESSING RESPONSE
		ALTERNATE RESPONSE CRITERIA
		DETERMINING OUTCOME
PART IV Cancer Prevention and Screening
	31 Tobacco Use and the Cancer Patient
		Introduction
		NEUROBIOLOGY OF TOBACCO DEPENDENCE
		TOBACCO USE PREVALENCE AND THE EVOLUTION OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS
		TOBACCO USE BY THE CANCER PATIENT
		THE CLINICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON THE CANCER PATIENT
		ADDRESSING TOBACCO USE BY THE CANCER PATIENT
		FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS
	32 Role of Surgery in Cancer Prevention
		INTRODUCTION
		PATIENTS AT HIGH RISK FOR BREAST CANCER
		HEREDITARY DIFFUSE GASTRIC CANCER
		SURGICAL PROPHYLAXIS OF HEREDITARY OVARIAN AND ENDOMETRIAL CANCER
		HEREDITAR Y ENDOMETRIAL CANCER (LYNCH SYNDRO ME)
		GYNECOLOGIC CANCER RISK IN VERY RARE HEREDITARY CANCER SYNDRO MES
		MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 2
		FAMILIAL ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS,
MYH-ASSOCIATED POLUPOSIS, AND
LYNCH SYNDRO ME
	33 Cancer Risk Reducing Agents
		WHY CANCER PREVENTION AS A CLINICAL ONCOLOGY DISCIPLINE
		DEFINING CANCER RISK–REDUCING AGENTS (CHEMOPREVENTION)
		IDENTIFYING POTENTIAL CANCER RISK– REDUCING AGENTS
		PRECLINICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CANCER RISK–REDUCING AGENTS
		CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CANCER RISK–REDUCING AGENTS
		MICRONUTRIENTS
		ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS
		EPIGENETIC TARGETING AGENTS (SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATORS, 5α-STEROID REDUCTASE INHIBITORS, POLYAMINE INHIBITORS)
		SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION MODIFIERS
		ANTI-INFECTIVES
		MULTIAGENT APPROACHES TO CANCER RISK REDUCTION
	34 Cancer Screening
		Introduction
		PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
		ASSESSING SCREENING TESTS AND OUTCOMES
		PROBLEMS WITH RANDOMIZED TRIALS
		SCREENING GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
		BREAST CANCER
		Colon Cancer Screening
		Other Cancers of the Gastrointestinal Tract
		GYNECOLOGIC CANCER
		LUNG CANCER SCREENING
		PROSTATE CANCER SCREENING
		SKIN CANCER SCREENING
	35 Genetic Counseling
		Introduction
		WHO IS A CANDIDATE FOR CANCER GENETIC COUNSELING?
		COMPONENTS OF THE CANCER GENETIC COUNSELING SESSION
		ISSUES IN CANCER GENETIC COUNSELING
		RECENT ADVANCES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
PART V Practice of Oncology
	36 Design and Analysis of Clinical Trials
		INTRODUCTION
		PHASE 1 CLINICAL TRIALS
		PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIALS
		DESIGN OF PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIALS
		FACTORIAL DESIGNS
		ANALYSIS OF PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIALS
		REPORTING RESULTS OF CLINICAL TRIALS
		FALSE POSITIVE REPORTS IN THE LITERATURE
		META-ANALYSIS
	Section 1 Cancer of the Head and Neck
		37 Molecular Biology of Head and Neck Cancers
			INTRODUCTION
			MOLECULAR MECHANISMS IN Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
			THE CANCER GENOME ATLAS PROJECT
			CANCER STEM CELLS
		38 Cancer of the Head and Neck
			INCIDENCE AND ETIOLOGY
			ANATOMY AND PATHOLOGY
			NATURAL HISTORY
			DIAGNOSIS
			STAGING
			PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT FOR SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
			MANAGEMENT
			NECK
			CHEMOTHERAPY
			GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF COMBINING MODALITIES
			CHEMOTHERAPY AS PART OF CURATIVE TREATMENT
			FOLLOW-UP
			ORAL CAVITY
			LIP
			FLOOR OF THE MOUTH
			ORAL TONGUE
			BUCCAL MUCOSA
			GINGIVA AND HARD PALATE (INCLUDING RETROMOLAR TRIGONE)
			OROPHARYNX
			ANATOMY
			PATHOLOGY
			PATTERNS OF SPREAD
			CLINICAL PICTURE
			STAGING
			TREATMENT: BASE OF TONGUE
			RESULTS OF TREATMENT: BASE OF TONGUE
			FOLLOW-UP: BASE OF TONGUE
			COMPLICATIONS OF TREATMENT: BASE OF TONGUE
			TREATMENT: TONSILLAR AREA
			RESULTS OF TREATMENT: TONSILLAR AREA
			COMPLICATIONS OF TREATMENT: TONSILLAR AREA
			Surgical Treatment
			TREATMENT: SOFT PALATE
			RESULTS OF TREATMENT: SOFT PALATE
			COMPLICATIONS OF TREATMENT: SOFT PALATE
			LARYNX
			ANATOMY
			PATHOLOGY
			PATTERNS OF SPREAD
			CLINICAL PICTURE
			DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS AND STAGING
			TREATMENT: VOCAL CORD CARCINOMA
			TREATMENT: SUPRAGLOTTIC LARYNX CARCINOMA
			TREATMENT: SUBGLOTTIC LARYNX CARCINOMA
			TREATMENT: SUPRAGLOTTIC LARYNX CANCER
			HYPOPHARYNX: PHARYNGEAL WALLS, PYRIFORM SINUS, AND POSTCRICOIDPHARYNX
			ANATOMY
			PATHOLOGY
			PATTERNS OF SPREAD
			CLINICAL PICTURE
			STAGING
			TREATMENT
			RESULTS OF TREATMENT
			COMPLICATIONS OF TREATMENT
			NASOPHARYNX
			ANATOMY
			PATHOLOGY
			PATTERNS OF SPREAD
			CLINICAL PICTURE
			STAGING
			TREATMENT
			NASAL VESTIBULE, NASAL CAVITY, AND PARANASAL SINUSES
			PARAGANGLIOMAS
			MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDS
			MINOR SALIVARY GLANDS
		39 Rehabilitation After Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer
			Introduction
			PRETREATMENT COUNSELING
			SUPPORT DURING TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION OF THE CHEMORADIATION PATIENT
			RESOURCES FOR REHABILITATION OF HEAD AND NECK CANCER PATIENTS
	Section 2 Cancer of the Thoracic Cavity
		40 Molecular Biology of Lung Cancer
			Introduction
			SUSCEPTIBILITY TO LUNG CANCER: GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY AND CARCINOGENS IN TOBACCO SMOKE
			MOLECULAR CHANGES IN PRENEOPLASIA
			GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN LUNG CANCERS
			PROTOONCOGENES, GROWTH FACTOR SIGNALING, AND GROWTH FACTOR– TARGETED THERAPIES
			THE TECHNOLOGY OF GENOMIC ANALYSES OF LUNG CANCER
			EPIGENETICS/EPIGENOME
			TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES AND GROWTH SUPPRESSION
			CYCLINS AND CELL CYCLE REGULATORY PATHWAYS
			LKB1, AMPK, and mTOR PATHWAY
			OTHER PUTATIVE TUMOR SUPPRESSORS
			OTHER BIOLOGIC ABNORMALITIES IN LUNG CANCER
			microRNAS IN LUNG CANCER DIAGNOSTICS AND THERAPY
			miRNA PROFILING IN LUNG CANCER
			INVASION, METASTASIS, AND ANGIOGENESIS
			CANCER STEM CELL HYPOTHESIS
			MOLECULAR TOOLS IN THE LUNG CANCER CLINIC
		41 Small Cell Lung Cancer
			INCIDENCE AND ETIOLOGY
			ANATOMY AND PATHOLOGY
			PREVENTION AND SCREENING
			DIAGNOSIS
			STAGE EVALUATION
			MANAGE MENT BY STAGE
			SPECIAL CLINICAL SITUATION S
			PALLIATIVE CARE
			CONCLUSION
		42 Small Cell and Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Lung
			SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER
			TY PICAL AND ATY PICAL CARCINOID TUMORS
			LARGE CELL NEUROENDOCRINE CARCINOMA
		43 Neoplasms of the Mediastinum
			THYMIC NEOPLASMS
			THYMOMA
			THYMIC CARCINOMA
			THYMIC CARCINOID
			THYMOLIPOMA
			GERM CELL TUMORS
	Section 3 Cancers of the Gastrointestinal Tract
		44 Molecular Biology of the Esophagus and Stomach
			Introduction
			MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF ESOPHAGEAL CANCER
			MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF GASTRIC CANCER
		45 Cancer of the Esophagus
			INTRODUCTION
			EPIDEMIOLOGY
			ETIOLOGIC FACTORS AND PREDISPOSING CONDITIONS
			APPLIED ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY
			NATURAL HISTORY AND PATTERNS OF FAILURE
			CLINICAL PRESENTATION
			DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES AND PRETREATMENT STAGING
			PATHOLOGIC STAGING
			TREATMENT
			STAGE-DIRECTED TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS
		46 Cancer of the Stomach
			INTRODUCTION
			ANATOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
			HISTOPATHOLOGY
			PATHOLOGY AND TUMOR BIOLOGY
			PATTERNS OF SPREAD
			CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND PRETREATMENT EVALUATION
			PRETREATMENT STAGING
			STAGING, CLASSIFICATION, AND PROGNOSIS
			GASTRIC CANCER NOMOGRAMS: PREDICTING INDIVIDUAL PATIENT PROGNO SIS AFTER POTENTIALLY CURATI VE RESECTION
			TREATMENT OF LOCALIZED DISEASE
			TECHNICAL TREATMENT-RELATED ISSUES
			TREATMENT OF ADVANCED DISEASE (STAGE IV)
			SURGERY IN TREATMENT OF META STATIC GASTRIC CANCER
			RADIATION FOR PALLIATION
		47 Genetic Testing in Stomach Cancer
			Introduction
			HISTOLOGIC DEFINITIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS
			ETIOLOGY
			EPIDEMIOLOGY OF GASTRIC CANCER
			SCREENING AND MANAGEMENT OF CANCER RISK IN HDGC
			OTHER HEREDITARY CANCER SUSCEPTIBILITY SYNDROMES WITH INCREASED GASTRIC CANCER RISK
			CONCLUSIONS
		48 Molecular Biology of Pancreas Cancer
			Introduction
			COMMON MOLECULAR CHANGES
		49 Cancer of the Pancreas
			INTRODUCTION
			STAGING
			EPIDEMIOLOGY
			PATHOLOGY AND BIOLOGY
			EXOCRINE PANCREATIC CANCERS
			ENDOCRINE PANCREATIC CANCERS
			STAGE I AND II: LOCALIZED PANCREATIC DUCTAL ADENOCARCINOMA
			STAGE III: LOCALLY ADVANCED DISEASE
			EMERGING ROLE OF STEREOTACTIC BODY RADIOTHERAPY
			STAGE IV: METASTATIC DISEASE
			FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND CHALLENGES
			CONCLUSION
		50 Genetic Testing in Pancreatic Cancer
			Introduction
			SELECTED GENES THAT MAY CAUSE PANCREATIC CANCER
			SELECTED SYNDROMES THAT INCREASE THE RISK OF PANCREATIC CANCER
			EMPIRIC RISK COUNSELING AND MANAGEMENT
		51 Molecular Biology of Liver Cancer
			Introduction
			GENETIC ALTERATIONS IN LIVER CANCER
			EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN LIVER CANCER
			MUTATIONAL LANDSCAPE OF GENETIC ALTERATIONS IN HCC: THE NEXT GENERATION
			THE MICROENVIRONMENT OF LIVER CANCER
			CLASSIFICATION AND PROGNOSTIC PREDICTION OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA
			CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE
		52 Cancer of the Liver
			Introduction
			EPIDEMIOLOGY
			ETIOLOGIC FACTORS
			STAGING
			DIAGNOSIS
			TREATMENT OF HEPATOC ELLULAR CARCINOMA
			ADJUVANT AND NEOADJUVANT THERAPY
			TREATMENT OF OT HER PRIMARY LIVER TUMORS
		53 Cancer of the Biliary Tree
			Introduction
			ANATOMY OF THE BILIARY TRACT
			CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA
			GALLBLADDER CANCER
		54 Cancer of the Small Bowel
			SMALL BOWEL CANCER
			ADENOCARCINOMA
			CARCINOID TUMORS
			SMALL BOWEL LYMPHOMA
			GASTROINTESTINAL STROMAL TUMORS
			OTHER MESENCHYMAL TUMORS
			METASTATIC CANCER TO THE SMALL BOWEL
		55 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor
			Introduction
			INCIDENCE AND ETIOLOGY
			ANATOMY AND PATHOLOGY
			SCREENING
			DIAGNOSIS
			STAGING
			MANAGEMENT BY STAGE
			PALLIATIVE CARE
		56 Molecular Biology of Colorectal Cancer
			Introduction
			MULTISTEP MODELS OF COLORECTAL TUMORIGENESIS
			INHERITED SYNDRO MES OF INCREASED CANCER RISK HIGHLIGHT EARLY EVENTS AND CRITICAL PAT HWAY S IN COLORECTAL TUMORIGENESIS
			ONCOGENE AND TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE MUTATION S IN COLORECTAL CANCER PROGRE SSION
			THE MUTATIONAL LANDSCAPE OF COLORECTAL CANCER
			AN INTEGRATED MODEL FOR COLORECTAL CANCER INITIATION AND PROGRE SSION
			SUMMARY
		57 Cancer of the Colon
			INTRODUCTION
			EPIDEMIOLOGY
			ETIOLOGY: GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS
			FAMILIAL COLORECTAL CANCER
			ANATOMY OF THE COLON
			DIAGNOSIS OF COLORECTAL CANCER
			SCREENING FOR COLORECTAL CANCER
			STAGING AND PROGNOSIS OF COLORECTAL CANCER
			APPROACHES TO SURGICAL RESECTION OF COLON CANCER
			SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF COMPLICATIONS FROM PRIMARY COLON CANCER
			POLYPS AND STAGE I COLON CANCER
			STAGE II AND STAGE III COLON CANCER
			TREATMENT OF STAGE II PATIENTS
			TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR STAGE III PATIENTS
			FOLLOW-UP AFTER MANAGEMENT OF COLON CANCER WITH CURATIVE INTENT
			SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF STAGE IV DISEASE
			MANAGEMENT OF UNRESECTABLE METASTATIC DISEASE
			MOLECULAR PREDICTIVE MARKERS
		58 Genetic Testing in Colon Cancer (Polyposis Syndromes)
			Introduction
			Adenomatous Polyposis
			HAMARTOMATOUS POLY POSIS
			CONCLUSIONS
		59 Genetic Testing in Colon Cancer (Nonpolyposis Syndromes)
			INTRODUCTION
			CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION : AMSTERDAM CRITERIA AND BETHESDA GUIDELINES
			TUMOR SCREENING
			GENETIC TESTING
			GENETIC COUNSELING FOR LYNCH SYNDROME
			MANAGEMENT OF LYNCH SYNDROME
			Acknowledgment
		60 Cancer of the Rectum
			INTRODUCTION
			ANATOMY
			STAGING
			SURGERY
			DOES ADJUVANT RADIATION THERAPY IMPACT SURVIVAL?
			PREOPERATIVE RADIATION THERAPY
			WHICH PATIENTS SHOULD RECEIVE ADJUVANT THERAPY?
			CONCURRENT CHEMOTHERAPY
			SYNCHRONOUS RECTAL PRIMARY AND METASTASES
			MANAGEMENT OF UNRESECTABLE PRIMARY AND LOCALLY ADVANCED DISEASE (T4)
			RADIATION THERAPY TECHNIQUE
		61 Cancer of the Anal Region
			INTRODUCTION
			EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY
			SCREENING AND PREVENTION
			PATHOLOGY
			CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND STAGING
			PROGNOSTIC FACTORS
			TREATMENT OF LOCALIZED SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
			TREATMENT OF OTHER SITES AND PATHOLOGIES
	Section 4 Cancers of the Genitourinary System
		62 Molecular Biology of Kidney Cancer
			Introduction
			VON HIPPEL-LINDAU DISEASE
			HEREDITARY PAPILLARY RENAL CARCINOMA TYPE 1
			XP11.2 TRANSLOCATION RENAL CELL CANCER
			BIRT-HOGG-DUBÉ SYNDROME
			HEREDITARY LEIOMYO MATOSIS AND RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
			FAMILIAL RENAL CANCER: SUCCINATE DEHYDROGENASE GENE
			TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS COMPLEX
			CONCLUSION
		63 Cancer of the Kidney
			Introduction
			EPIDEMIOLOGY, DEMOGRAPHICS, AND RISK FACTORS
			PATHOLOGY OF RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
			DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS AND STAGING
			HEREDITARY KIDNEY CANCER SYNDRO MES, GENETICS, AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
			TREATMENT OF LOCALIZED RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
			TREATMENT OF LOCALLY ADVANCED RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
			ADJUVANT THERAPY FOR RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
			SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF ADVANCED RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
			SYSTEMIC THERAPY FOR ADVANCED RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
			CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
			Acknowledgments
		64 Molecular Biology of Bladder Cancer
			Introduction
			KEY MOLECULAR ALTERATION S IN STAGE Ta UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA
			KEY MOLECULAR ALTERATION S IN INVASIVE UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA
			INFORMATION FROM EXPRESSION PROFILING
			EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS
			INFORMATION FROM EXOME SEQUENCING
			UROTHELIAL TUMOR–INITIATING CELLS
			MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS AND TUMOR CLONALITY
			MULTI PLE TUMOR SUBGROUPS DEFINED BY MOLECULAR PROFILING
			ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
		65 Cancer of the Bladder, Ureter, and Renal Pelvis
			INTRODUCTION
			UROTHELIAL CANCERS
			CANCER OF THE BLADDER
			CANCERS OF THE RENAL PELVIS AND URETER
		66 Genetic Testing in  Urinary Tract Cancers
			INTRODUCTION
			GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO RENAL CELL CARCINO MA
			GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO UROTHELIAL CANCERS
			INDICATION S FOR GENETIC TESTING
			GENETIC TESTING AND COUNSELING
			SUMMARY
		67 Molecular Biology of Prostate Cancer
			Introduction
			OVERVIEW OF THE GENOMIC LANDSCAPE OF PRO STATE CANCER
			ANDROGEN RECEPTOR BIOLOGY AND THERAPY
			ADDITIONAL PATHWAY S FREQUENTLY ALTERED DURING DISEASE PROGRE SSION
			E26 transformation specific (ETS) GENE FUSIONS AND THE MOLECULAR SUBTYPES OF PROSTATE CANCER
			EMERGING AREAS IN PROSTATE CANCER BIOLOGY AND THERAPY
		68 Cancer of the Prostate
			INTRODUCTION
			INCIDENCE AND ETIOLOGY
			ANATOMY AND PATHOLOGY
			SCREENING
			DIAGNOSIS, RISK ASSESSMENT, AND STATE ASSIGNMENT
			MANAGEMENT BY CLINICAL STATES
			PALLIATION
			FUTURE DIRECTIONS
		69 Cancer of the Urethra and Penis
			Introduction
			CANCER OF T HE MALE URETHRA
			CARCINO MA OF THE FEMALE URETHRA
			CANCER OF THE PENIS
		70 Cancer of the Testis
			Introduction
			INCIDENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
			INITIAL PRESENTATION AND MANAGEMENT
			HISTO LOGY
			BIOLOGY
			IMMUNOHISTOC HEMICAL MARKERS
			STAGING
			MANAGEMENT OF CLINICAL STAGE I DISEASE
			MANAGEMENT OF CLINICAL STAGE II (LOW TUMOR BURDEN)
			MANAGEMENT OF STAGE II WITH HIGH TUMOR BURDEN AND STAGE III DISEASE
			MANAGEMENT OF RECURRENT DISEASE
			TREATMENT SEQUELAE
			LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP
			MIDLINE TUMORS OF UNCERT AIN HISTO GENESIS
			OT HER TESTICULAR TUMORS
	Section 5 Gynecologic Cancers
		71 Molecular Biology of Gynecologic Cancers
			Introduction
			OVARIAN CANCER
			ENDOMETRIAL CANCER
			CERVIX, VAGINAL, AND VULVAR CANCERS
		72 Cancer of the Cervix, Vagina, and Vulva
			CARCINOMA OF THE VAGINA
			CARCINOMA OF THE VULVA
			CARCINOMA OF THE CERVIX
		73 Cancer of the Uterine Body
			ENODOMETRIAL CARCINOMA
			UTERINE SARCOMAS
		74 Genetic Testing in Uterine Cancer
			Introduction
			LYNC H SYNDRO ME (ALSO KNOWN AS HEREDITARY NONPOLYPOSIS COLORECTAL CANCER SYNDROME)
			PHOSPHATASE AND TENSIN HOMOLOG HAMARTOMA  TUMOR SYNDROME (ALSO KNOWN AS COWDEN SYNDROME, BANNAYAN -RUVALCABA-RILEY SYNDROME)
			HEREDITARY LEIOMYOMATOSIS AND RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
			UTERINE CANCER AND OTHER HEREDITARY CANCER SYNDROMES
			CONCLUSION
		75 Gestational Trophoblastic
			Introduction
			INCIDENCE
			PATHOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY
			INDICATIONS FOR TREATMENT
			MEASUREMENT OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN
			PRETREATMENT EVALUATION
			STAGING AND PROGNOSTIC SCORE
			TREATMENT
			PLACENTAL SITE OR EPITHELIOID TROPHOBLASTIC TUMORS
			SUBSEQUENT PREGNANCY AFTER TREATMENT FOR GESTATIONAL TROPHOBLASTIC NEOPLASIA
			PSYCHOSOCIAL ISSUES
		76 Ovarian Cancer, Fallopian Tube Carcinoma, and Peritoneal Carcinoma
			Introduction
			EPITHELIAL OVARIAN CANCER
			BORDERLINE TUMORS
			GERM CELL TUMORS OF THE OVARY
			SEX CORD–STROMAL TUMORS
			PRIMARY PERITONEAL SEROUS CARCINOMA
			FALLOPIAN TUBE CANCER
		77 Genetic Testing in Ovarian Cancer
			INTRODUCTION
			HEREDITARY BREAST AND OVARIAN
CANCER SYNDROM (THE BRCA1 AND
BRCA2 GENES)
			LYNCH SYNDROME
			PEUTZ–JEGHERS SYNDROME
			NEWER GENES
			CONCLUSION
	Section 6 Cancer of the Breast
		78 Molecular Biology of Breast Cancer
			INTRODUCTION
			GENETICS OF BREAST CANCER
			HEREDITARY BREAST CANCER
			SOMATIC CHANGES IN BREAST CANCER
			TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILING OF BREAST CANCER
			EPIGENETICS OF BREAST CANCER
			PROTEIN/PATHWAY ALTERATIONS
			ESTROGEN RECEPTOR PATHWAY
			SUMMARY
		79 Malignant Tumors of the Breast
			Introduction
			ANATOMY OF THE BREAST
			RISK FACTOR S FOR BREAST CANCER
			MANAGEMENT OF THE HIGH-RISK PATIENT
			DIAGNOSIS AND BIOPSY
			LOBULAR CARCINOMA IN SITU
			DUCTAL CARCINOMA IN SITU
			STAGING
			PATHOLOGY OF BREAST CANCER
			LOCAL MANAGEMENT OF INVASIVE CANCER
			MANAGEMENT OF THE AXILLA
			POSTMASTECTO MY RADIATION THERAPY
			PROGNOSTIC AND PREDICTIVE FACTORS IN BREAST CANCER
			ADJUVANT SYSTEMIC THERAPY
			INTEGRATION OF MULTI MODALITY PRIMARY THERAPY
			FOLLO W-UP FOR BREAST CANCER SURVIVORS
			SPECIAL THERAPEUTIC PROBLEMS
			MANAGEMENT OF LOCAL-REGIONAL RECURRENCE
			METASTATIC DISEASE
		80 Genetic Testing in Breast Cancer
			Introduction
			IDENTIFICATION OF HIGH-RISK INDIVIDUALS
			GENETIC TESTING
			BRCA 1 AND BRCA 2
			TP53
			COWDEN SYNDRO ME (PHOSPHATE AND TENSIN HOMOLOG )
			OTHER GENETIC MUTATION S AND BREAST CANCER
			Moderateand Low-Penetrance Breast Cancer Genes
			CONCLUSION
	Section 7 Cancer of the Endocrine System
		81 Molecular Biology of Endocrine Tumors
			Introduction
			THE MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA SYNDRO MES
			APPLICATION OF MOLECULAR GENETICS TO CLINICAL MEDICINE
			THYROID CARCINOMAS
			FUTURE DIRECTIONS
		82 Thyroid Tumors
			ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
			THYROID NODULES
			THYROID TUMOR CLASSIFICATION AND STAGING SYSTEMS
			DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CANCER
			TREATMENT OF DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CANCER
			ANAPLASTIC THYROID CARCINOMA
			MEDULLARY THYROID CANCER
			THYROID LY MPHOMA
			CHILDREN WITH THYROID CARCINOMA
		83 Parathyroid Tumors
			INCIDENCE AND ETIOLOGY
			ANATOMY AND PATHOLOGY
			CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND SCREENING
			DIAGNOSIS
			STAGING
			MANAGEMENT OF PARATHYROID CANCER
			FOLLOW-UP AND NATURAL HISTORY
			PROGNOSIS
		84 Adrenal Tumors
			INTRODUCTION
			OVERVIEW AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE ADRENAL GLAND
			MOLECULAR GENETICS OF ADRENAL NEOPLASMS
			INCIDENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
			SCREENING IN SPECIAL POPULATIONS
			DIAGNOSIS OF ADRENAL NEOPLASIA
			GRADING AND STAGING OF MALIGNANCY
			IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS IN PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT OF ADRENAL TUMORS
			Management of Benign-Appearing Adrenocortical Tumors and Pheochromocytoma
			Surveillance After Resection of Pheochromocytoma
			Management of Recurrent or Metastatic Malignant Pheochromocytoma
			Management of Local and Locoregionally Adv anced Adrenocortical Carcinoma
			SURVEILLANCE AND ADJUVANT THERAPY FOR ADRENOCORTICAL CARCINOMA
			MANAGEMENT OF LOCOREGIONAL RECURRENCE OF ADRENOCORTICAL CARCINOMA
			MANAGEMENT OF METASTATIC OR UNRESECTABLE ADRENOCORTICAL CARCINOMA
			MANAGEMENT OF METASTATIC OR UNRESECTABLE ADRENOCORTICAL CARCINOMA
			EMERGING DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR ADRENAL TUMORS
			SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN PREGNANCY
			ADRENAL NEOPLASIA IN CHILDHOOD
			Acknowledgments
		85 Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
			INTRODUCTION
			EPIDEMIOLOGY
			CLASSIFICATION , HISTOPATHOLOGY , MOLECULAR GENETICS
			DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF PANCREATIC NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS
			ADDITIONAL CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
			SURGERY PITFALLS
		86 Carcinoid Tumors and the Carcinoid Syndrome
			INCIDENCE AND ETIOLOGY
			ANATOMY AND PATHOLOGY
			GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF NEUROENDOCRINE TUMOR DIAGNOSIS, STAGING, AND MANAGEMENT
			DIAGNOSIS, STAGING, AND MANAGEMENT BY PRIMARY TUMOR SITE
			DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF CARCINOID SYNDROME
			ANTITUMOR MANAGEMENT
			MANAGEMENT OF LIVER METASTASES
			CONCLUSIONS
		87 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasias
			INTRODUCTION
			MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1
			MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 2, TYPE 3, AND FA MILIAL MEDULLARY THYROI D CANCER
			MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 4
		88 Genetic Testing in the Endocrine System
			Introduction
			MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1
			MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 2
			PHOSPHATASE AND TENSIN HOMOLOG ON CHRO MOSOME 10
			SDHX/TMEM127/MAX
			VON HIPPEL-LINDAU AND PHEOCHRO MOCYTO MA
	Section 8 Sarcomas of Soft Tissue and Bone
		89 Molecular Biology of Sarcomas
			INTRODUCTION
			TRANSLOCATION-ASSOCIATED SOFT TISSUE SARCOMAS
			SOFT TISSUE SARCOMAS OF SIMPLE KARYOTYPE ASSOCIATED WITH MUTATIONS
			COMPLEX SOFT TISSUE SARCOMA TYPES
			BONE AND CARTILAGINOUS TUMORS
			CARTILAGINOUS TUMORS
			OSTEOSARCOMA
			FUTURE DIRECTIONS: NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING AND FUNCTIONAL SCREENS
		90 Soft Tissue Sarcoma
			INTRODUCTION
			INCIDENCE AND ETIOLOGY
			ANATOMIC AND AGE DISTRIBUTION AND PATHOLOGY
			DIAGNOSIS AND STAGING
			MANAGE MENT BY PRESENTATION STATUS, EXTENT OF DISEASE, AND ANATOMIC LOCATION
			PALLIATIVE CARE
			FUTURE DIRECTIONS
		91 Sarcomas of Bone
			Introduction
			INCIDENCE AND ETIOLOGY
			ANATOMY AND PATHOLOGY
			SCREENING
			DIAGNOSIS
			STAGING
			MANAGEMENT BY DIAGNOSIS AND STAGE
			CONTINUING CARE: SURVEILLANCE AND PALLIATION
	Section 9 Cancers of the Skin
		92 Cancer of the Skin
			INTRODUCTION
			Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer
			DIAGNOSIS
			GENERAL APPROACH TO MANAGEMENT OF SKIN CANCER
			TOPICAL THERAPY FOR SKIN CANCER
			RADIATION THERAPY FOR SKIN CANCER
			ACTINIC KERATOSES
			PATHOGENESIS OF ACTINIC KERATOSIS
			CLINICAL FEATURES OF ACTINIC KERATOSIS
			TREATMENT OF ACTINIC KERATOSIS
			Basal Cell Carcinoma
			CLINICAL BEHAVIOR OF BASAL CELL CARCINOMA
			BASAL CELL CARCINOMA SUBTYPES
			HISTOLOGY
			TREATMENT
			Squamous Cell Carcinoma
			PATHOGENESIS OF Squamous CELL CARCINOMA
			CLINICAL FEATURES OF SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA AND ITS VARIANTS
			HISTOLOGY
			CLINICAL BEHAVIOR OF SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
			TREATMENT
			FOLLOW-UP
			IMMUNOSUPPRESSION AND NONMELANOMA SKIN CANCER
			Angiosarcoma
			PATHOGENESIS
			CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND PROGNOSIS
			HISTOLOGY
			TREATMENT
			Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans
			PATHOGENESIS
			HISTOLOGY
			TREATMENT
			RECURRENCE AND METASTATIC POTENTIAL
			Merkel Cell Carcinoma
			PATHOGENESIS
			CLINICAL PRESENTATION
			HISTOLOGY
			TREATMENT
			STAGING
			RECURRENCE AND METASTATIC RISK
			PROGNOSIS
			Microcystic Adnexal Carcinoma
			CLINICAL AND HISTOLOGIC FEATURES
			TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS
			Sebaceous Carcinoma
			CLINICAL AND HISTOLOGIC FEATURES
			TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS
			Extramammary Paget Disease
			CLINICAL AND HISTOLOGIC FEATURES
			TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS
			Atypical Fibroxanthoma And Malignant Fibrous
Histiocytoma
			CLINICAL AND HISTOLOGIC FEATURES
			TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS
			Carcinoma Metastatic to Skin
		93 Molecular Biology of Cutaneous Melanoma
			INTRODUCTION
			THE RAS-RAF-MAP KINASE PATHWAY
			THE MEPK PATHWAY AND THERAPEUTIC RESISTANCE
			MELANIN SYNTHESIS PATHWAY
			MOLECULAR GENETICS OF MElaNOMA: LOO KING AHEAD
		94 Cutaneous Melanoma
			INTRODUCTION
			MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF MELANOMA
			EPIDEMIOLOGY
			CHANGES IN INCIDENCE
			GENDER AND AGE DISTRIBUTION
			MELANOMA IN CHILDREN, INFANTS, AND NEONATES
			ANATOMIC DISTRIBUTION
			ETIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS
			PREVENTION AND SCREENING
			DIAGNOSIS OF PRIMARY MELANOMA
			GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS IN CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF A NEWLY DIAGNOSED CUTANEOUS MELANOMA (STAGE I–II)
			CLINICAL TRIALS TO DEFINE MARGINS OF EXCISION FOR PRIMARY CUTANEOUS MELANOMAS
			SURGICAL STAGING OF REGIONAL NODES
			MANAGEMENT
			SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN MANAGEMENT OF PRIMARY MELANOMAS
			THE ROLE OF RADIATION THERAPY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PRIMARY MELANOMA LESIONS
			CLINICAL FOLLOW-UP FOR INTERMEDIATETHICKNESS AND THICK MELANOMAS (STAGE IB–IIC)
			REGIONALLY METASTATIC MELANOMA (STAGE III): LYMPH NODE METASTASIS, SATELLITE LESIONS, AND IN-TRANSIT METASTASES
			MANAGEMENT OF REGIONAL METASTASES IN PATIENTS WITH VISCERAL OR OTHER DISTANT DISEASE
			ADJUVANT SYSTEMIC THERAPY (STAGES IIB, IIC, and III)
			MANAGEMENT OF DISTANT METASTASES OF MELANOMA (STAGE IV)
			EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGIC THERAPIES FOR METASTATIC MELANOMA
			RADIATION THERAPY FOR METASTATIC MELANOMA (STAGE IV)
		95 Genetic Testing in Skin Cancer
			Introduction
			GENETIC COUNSELING
			HEREDITARY SKIN CANCER AND THE NEUROFI BRO MATO SES
			CONCLUSION
	Section 10 Neoplasms of the Central Nervous System
		96 Molecular Biology of Central Nervous System Tumors
			GLIOMAS
			MENINGIOMAS
			MEDULLOBLASTOMAS
			EPENDYMAL TUMORS
			SUMMARY
		97 Neoplasms of the Central Nervous System
			EPIDEMIOLOGY OF BRAIN TUMORS
			CLASSIFICATION
			ANATOMIC LOCATION AND CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
			NEURODIAGNOSTIC TESTS
			SURGERY
			RADIATION THERAPY
			CHEMOTHERAPY AND TARGETED AGENTS
			SPECIFIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM NEOPLASMS
			GLIOMATOSIS CEREBRI
			OPTIC, CHIASMAL, AND HYPOTHALAMIC GLIOMAS
			BRAINSTEM GLIOMAS
			CEREBELLAR ASTROCYTOMAS
			GANGLIOGLIOMAS
			EPENDYMOMA
			MENINGIOMAS
			PRIMITIVE NEUROECTODERMAL OR EMBRYONAL CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM NEOPLASMS
			PINEAL REGION TUMORS AND GERM CELL TUMORS
			PITUITARY ADENOMAS
			CRANIOPHARYNGIOMAS
			VESTIBULAR SCHWANNOMAS
			GLOMUS JUGULARE TUMORS
			HEMANGIOBLASTOMAS
			CHORDOMAS AND CHONDROSARCOMAS
			CHOROID PLEXUS TUMORS
			SPINAL AXIS TUMORS
	Section 11 Cancers of Childhood
		98 Molecular Biology of Childhood Cancers
			INTRODUCTION
			TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES
			RETINOBLASTOMA: THE PARADIGM
			SDH DEFICIENT GIST
			NEUROFIBROMATOSES
			NEUROBLASTOMA
			EWING SARCOMA FAMILY OF TUMORS
			RHABDOMYOSARCOMA
			HEREDITARY SYNDROMES ASSOCIATED WITH TUMORS OF CHILDHOOD LI-FRAUMENI SYNDROME
			MALIGNANT RHABDOID TUMORS
			DICER1 SYNDROME
			PREDICTIVE TESTING FOR GERM-LINE MUTATIONS AND CHILDHOOD CANCERS
			MOLECULAR THERAPEUTICS
		99 Solid Tumors of Childhood
			INTRODUCTION
			MULTIDISCIPLINARY CARE IS ESSENTIAL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH SOLID TUMORS
			NEUROBLASTOMA
			WILMS TUMOR
			RETINOBLASTOMA
			PEDIATRIC BONE SARCOMAS: OSTEOSARCOMA AND EWING SARCOMA
			RHABDOMYOSARCOMA
			HEPATOBLASTOMA
			GERM CELL TUMORS
		100 Leukemias and Lymphomas of Childhood
			INTRODUCTION
			LEUKEMIAS
			LYMPHOMAS
			SUPPORTIVE CARE
			LONG-TERM, PALLIATIVE, AND HOSPICE CARE IN PEDIATRIC ONCOLOGY
	Section 12 Lymphomas in Adults
		101 Molecular Biology of Lymphomas
			INTRODUCTION
			THE CELL OF ORIGIN OF LYMPHOMA
			GENERAL MECHANISMS OF GENETIC LESIONS IN LYMPHOMA
			MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF B-NHL
			MOLECULAR PAT HOGENESIS OF T-CELL NON-HODGKIN LY MPHOMA
			MOLECULAR PAT HOGENESIS OF HODGKIN LY MPHOMA
		102 Hodgkin's Lymphoma
			INTRODUCTION
			BIOLOGY OF HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA
			PATHOLOGY OF HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA
			DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
			EARLY-STAGE HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA
			ADVANCED-STAGE HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA
			SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES
			TREATMENT
		103 Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
			INTRODUCTION
			EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY
			BIOLOGIC BACKGROUND FOR CLASSIFICATION OF LYMPHOID NEOPLASMS
			LYMPHOMA CLASSIFICATION: THE PRINCIPLES OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO) CLASSIFICATION OF LYMPHOID NEOPLASMS
			PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT OF NON-HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA
			SPECIFIC DISEASE ENTITIES
			MATURE T-CELL AND NATURAL KILLER CELL NEOPLASMS
		104 Cutaneous Lymphomas
			INTRODUCTION
			MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES AND THE SÉZARY SYNDROME
			DIAGNOSIS AND STAGING
			CLINICAL EVALUATION OF PATIENTS WITH CUTANEOUS LYMPHOMA
			PRINCIPLES OF THERAPY OF MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES AND THE SÉZARY SYNDROME
			SYSTEMIC THERAPY FOR MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES AND THE SÉZARY SYNDROME
			OTHER CUTANEOUS LYMPHOMAS
		105 Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma
			EPIDEMIOLOGY
			PATHOLOGY
			DIAGNOSIS AND PROGNOSTIC FACTORS
			STAGING
			TREATMENT
	Section 13 Leukemias and Plasma Cell Tumors
		106 Molecular Biology of Acute Leukemias
			INTRODUCTION
			LEUKEMIC STEM CELL
			ELUCIDATION OF GENETIC EVENTS IN ACUTE LEUKEMIA
			MUTATIONS THAT TARGET CORE-BINDING FACTOR
			CHROMOSOMAL TRANSLOCATIONS THAT TARGET THE RETINOIC ACID RECEPTOR ALPHA GENE
			MUTATIONS THAT TARGET HOX FAMILY MEMBERS
			CHROMOSOMAL TRANSLOCATIONS THAT
TARGET THE MLL GENE
			MUTATION OF C/EBPα
			MUTATION OF GATA-1
			t(1;22) TRANSLOCATION ASSOCIATED WITH INFANT AMKL
			MUTATIONS OF EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS
			CHROMOSOMAL TRANSLOCATIONS THATRESULT IN OVEREXPRESSION OF c-MYC
			CHROMOSOMAL TRANSLOCATIONS INVOLVING THE T-CELL RECEPTOR
			POINT MUTATIONS IN ACUTE LEUKEMIA
			MUTATIONS IN TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES
			ACTIVATING MUTATIONS OF NOTCH
			MUTATIONS ALTERING LOCALIZATION OF NPM1
			MUTATION OF LYMPHOID DEVELOPMENT GENES IN ACUTE LYMPHOID LEUKEMIA
			MUTATIONAL COMPLEMENTATION GROUPS IN ACUTE LEUKEMIAS
			CONCLUSION
		107 Management of Acute Leukemias
			INTRODUCTION
			ACUTE MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA
			ACUTELY MPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA
		108 Molecular Biology of Chronic Leukemias
			INTRODUCTION
			CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA
			CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA
			Acknowledgments
		109 Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
			INTRODUCTION
			EPIDEMIOLOGY
			PATHOGENESIS
			DIAGNOSIS
			PROGNOSTIC FACTORS
			THERAPY
			FUTURE DIRECTIONS
			ADVANCED PHASE DISEASE
		110 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemias
			INTRODUCTION
			MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
			IMMUNE ABNORMALITIES
			DIAGNOSIS
			TREATMENT AND RESPONSE CRITERIA
			NEW AND NOVEL TREATMENTS FOR CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA
			SECOND MALIGNANCIES AND TRANSFORMATION
			PROLYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA
			LARGE GRANULAR LYMPHOCYTE LEUKEMIA
			HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA
		111 Myelodysplastic Syndromes
			INTRODUCTION
			HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
			ETIOLOGY
			EPIDEMIOLOGY
			PAT HOLOGY
			PAT HOGENESIS
			CLINICAL PRESENTATION
			RISK ASSESSMENT AND PROGNO SIS
			MANAGEMENT OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES
		112 Plasma Cell Neoplasms
			INTRODUCTION
			HISTORY
			EPIDEMIOLOGY
			ETIOLOGY
			PATHOGENESIS
			DRUG RESISTANCE
			CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
			TREATMENT
	Section 14 Other Cancers
		113 Cancer of Unknown Primary Site
			INTRODUCTION
			PATHOLOGIC EVALUATION
			STUDIES OF MOLECULAR GENE EXPRESSION TUMOR PROFILING ASSAYS IN CANCER OF UNKNOWN PRIMARY DIAGNOSIS
			CLINICAL FEATURES AND EVALUATION
			TREATMENT
			SPECIAL ISSUES IN CARCINOMA OF UNKNOWN PRIMARY SITE
			UNKNOWN PRIMARY CANCER IN CHILDREN
			NEW TREATMENT PARADIGM
		114 Benign and Malignant Mesothelioma
			INTRODUCTION
			MECHANISM OF ASBESTOS CARCINOGENESIS
			OVERVIEW OF MOLECULAR MECHANISMS IN MESOTHELIOMA
			ALTERATIONS OF ONCOGENES IN MESOTHELIOMA
			PATHOLOGY OF MESOTHELIOMA
			EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION
			DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH FOR PRESUMED MESOTHELIOMA
			NATURAL HISTORY
			TREATMENT
			SURGERY FOR PLEURAL MESOTHELIOMA
			CONTROVERSY REGARDING PERFORMANCE OF EXTRAPLEURAL PNEUMONECTOMY
			EVOLUTION OF LUNG SPARING APPROACHES FOR MACROSCOPIC COMPLETE RESECTION
			CHEMOTHERAPY
			NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES
			RADIOTHERAPY FOR MESOTHELIOMA
		115 Peritoneal Metastases and Peritoneal Mesothelioma
			INTRODUCTION
			NATURAL HISTORY STUDIES DOCUMENT THE IMPORTANCE OF LOCAL-REGIONAL PROGRESSION
			PATIENT SELECTION USING QUANTITATIVE PROGNOSTIC INDICATORS
			APPENDICEAL MALIGNANCY
			COLORECTAL PERITONEAL METASTASES: CURATIVE TREATMENT AND PREVENTION
			DIFFUSE MALIGNANT PERITONEAL MESOT HELIOMA
			GASTRIC CANCER
			PERITONEAL METASTASES IN OVARIAN CANCER
			SARCOMATOSIS
		116 Intraocular Melanoma
			INTRODUCTION
			INCIDENCE AND ETIOLOGY
			ANATOMY AND PATHOLOGY
			OPHTHALMIC DIAGNOSIS
			UNIVERSAL STAGING AND UVEAL MELANOMA
			MANAGEMENT OF THE PRIMARY UVEAL MELANOMA
			TREATMENT FOR SPECIAL CASES
			QUALITY OF LIFE
			DIAGNOSIS OF UVEAL MELANOMA METASTASIS
			BIOMARKERS: PROGNOSTIC AND PREDICTIVE FACTORS
			SUMMARY
	Section 15 Immunosuppression-Related Malignancies
		117 HIV-Associated Malignancies
			INTRODUCTION
			CANCER AND HIV: INCIDENCE AND ETIOLOGY
			KAPOSI SARCOMA
			LYMPHOID TUMORS IN PATIENTS WITH HIV
			HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS–ASSOCIATED CANCER IN HIV INFECTION
			FUTURE DIRECTIONS
		118 Transplantation-Related Malignancies
			INTRODUCTION
			MYELODYSPLASIA AND ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA
			LYMPHOMAS
			SOLID TUMORS
	Section 16 Oncologic Emergencies
		119 Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
			INTRODUCTION
			ANATOMY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
			CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND ETIOLOGY
			DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
			DISEASE-SPECIFIC MANAGEMENT AND OUTCOMES
			SMALL-CELL LUNG CANCER
			NON–SMALL-CELL LUNG CANCER
			NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA
			NONMALIGNANT CAUSES
			CATHETER-INDUCED OBSTRUCTION
			TREATMENT
			AREAS OF UNCERTAINTY
			RECOMMENDATIONS
		120 Increased Intracranial Pressure
			INTRODUCTION
			PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS
			EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
			CLINICAL PRESENTATION
			DIAGNOSIS
			TREATMENT
		121 Cord Compression
			INTRODUCTION
			EPIDEMIOLOGY
			PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
			CLINICAL PRESENTATION
			DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
			DIAGNOSIS
			TREATMENT
			PROGNOSIS
		122 Metabolic Emergencies
			INTRODUCTION
			TUMOR LYSIS SYNDROME AND HYPERURICEMIA
			CANCER AND HYPONATREMIA
			LACTIC ACIDOSIS AND CANCER
			HYPERCALCEMIA AND CANCER
			CANCER-RELATED HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME
	Section 17 Treatment of Metastatic Cancer
		123 Metastatic Cancer to the Brain
			INTRODUCTION
			LEPTOMENINGEAL METASTASES
		124 Metastatic Cancer to the Lung
			INTRO DUCTION
			PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS OF PULMONARY METASTASES
			SURGICAL METASTASECTOMY
			ABLATIVE THERAPIES
			TREATMENT CONCERNS AND OUTCOMES FOR INDIVIDUAL HISTOLOGIES
			CONCLUSION
		125 Metastatic Cancer to the Liver
			INTRODUCTION
			HEPATIC COLORECTAL ADENOCARCINOMA METASTASES
			HEPATIC NEUROEN DOCRINE CARCINOMA METASTASES
			NONCOLORECTAL NONNEUROENDOCRINE HEPATIC METASTASES
		126 Metastatic Cancer to the Bone
			INTRODUCTION
			PRESENTATION
			PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
			DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
			THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES
			DENOSUMAB
			NEW TARGETED THERAPIES IN THE TREATMENT OF METASTATIC BONE DISEASE
			EXTERNAL BEAM RADIATION THERAPY
			SYSTEMIC RADIONUCLIDES
			RADIOTHERAPY FOR COMPLICATIONS OF BONE METASTASES: LOCALIZED EXTERNAL BEAM RADIOTHERAPY FOR PATHOLOG IC FRACTURES
			MECHANICAL STABILITY AND FRACTURE RISK
		127 Malignant Pleural and Pericardial Effusions
			MALIGNANT PLEURAL EFFUSION
			MALIGNANT PERICARDIAL EFFUSION
		128 Malignant Ascites
			INCIDENCE AND ETIOLOGY
			ANATOMY AND PATHOLOGY
			DIAGNOSIS
			MANAGEMENT
		129 Paraneoplastic Syndromes
			INTRODUCTION
			PARANEOPLASTIC NEUROLOGIC SYNDROMES
			PARANEOPLASTIC ENDOCRINOLOGY SYNDROMES
			PARANEOPLASTIC HEMATOLOGIC SYNDROMES
			PARANEOPLASTIC DERMATOLOGIC MANIFESTATION S
			PARANEOPLASTIC RHEUMATOLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS
	Section 18 Stem Cell Transplantation
		130 Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation
			INTRODUCTION
			AUTOLOGOUS HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELL COLLECTION
			AUTOLOGOUS HEMATOPOIETIC CELL TRANSPLANTATION TOXICITIES AND SUPPORTIVE CARE
			INDICATIONS FOR AUTOLOGOUS HEMATOPOIETIC CELL TRANSPLANTATION
			AUTOLOGOUS HEMATOPOIETIC CELL TRA
NSPLANTATION FOR PLASMA CELL MYELO MA
			AUTOLOGOUS HEMATOPOIETIC CELL TRANSPLANTATION FOR LYMPHOID MALIGNANCIES
			AUTOLOGOUS HEMATOPOIETIC CELL TRANSPLANTATION FOR RARER PLASMA CELL DYSCRASIAS
			AUTOLOGOUS HEMATOPOIETIC CELL TRANSPLANTATION FOR ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA AND ACUTELY MPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA
			AUTOLOGOUS HEMATOPOIETIC CELL TRANSPLANTATION FOR GERM CELL TUMORS
			LATE COMPLICATIONS AFTER AUTOLOGOUS HEMATOPOIETIC CELL TRANSPLANTATION
		131 Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation
			INTRODUCTION
			CONDITIONING REGIMENS
			STEM CELL SOURCES
			IMMUNOBIOLOGY OF ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC CELL TRANSPLANTATION
			COMPLICATIONS OF ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC CELL TRANSPLANTATION AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
			GRAFT FAILURE
			OUTCOME OF ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC CELL TRANSPLANTATION FOR HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES AND SOLID TUMORS
			MANAGEMENT OF POSTTRANSPLANT RELAPSE
			FUTURE DIRECTIONS
	Section 19 Management of Adverse Effects of Treatment
	132  Infections in the Cancer Patient
		Risk Factors for Infectionsin Patients with Cancer and Antimicrobial Prophylaxis
		RISK FACTORS FOR INFECTION
		PREVENTION OF INFECTIONS
		Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Diseases Syndromes
		FEVER AND NEUTROPENIA
		MULTIDRUG RESISTANT ORGANISMS OF INTEREST IN ONCOLOGY
	133 Neutropenia and Thrombocytopenia
		INTRODUCTION
	134 Cancer Associated Thrombosis
		INTRODUCTION
		MECHANISMS OF CANCER-ASSOCIATED THROMBOSIS
		EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CANCER-ASSOCIATED THROMBOSIS
		PREVENTION OF CANCER-ASSOCIATED THROMBOSIS
		TREATMENT OF CANCER-ASSOCIATED THROMBOSIS
	135 Nausea and Vomiting
		INTRODUCTION
		NAUSEA AND VOMITING SYNDROMES
		PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF TREATMENTINDUCED NAUSEA AND VOMITING
		DEFINING THE RISK OF NAUSEA AND VOMITING
		ANTIEMETIC AGENTS
		ANTIEMETIC TREATMENT BY CLINICAL SETTING
		SPECIAL CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED NAUSEA AND VOMITING PROBLEMS
		RADIOTHERAPY-INDUCED NAUSEA AND VOMITING
	136 Diarrhea and Constipation
		INTRODUCTION
		DIARRHEA
		CONSTIPATION
		CONCLUSION
	137 Oral Complications
		INTRODUCTION
		ORAL MUCOSITIS
		CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED MUCOSITIS
		RADIATION-INDUCED MUCOSITIS
		RADIATION THERAPY–RELATED COMPLICATIONS
		PATHOGENESIS OF CHEMOTHERAPYAND RADIATION-INDUCED ORAL MUCOSITIS
		CHRONIC GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE ORAL MANIFESTATIONS
		SEQUELAE OF ORAL COMPLICATIONS
		STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF ORAL COMPLICATIONS
		TREATMENT STRATEGIES
		RADIOPROTECTORS
		BIOLOGIC RESPONSE MODIFIERS
		TREATMENT FOR ORAL CHRONIC GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE
		SYMPTOM MANAGEMENT
	138 Pulmonary Toxicity
		INTRODUCTION
		RADIATION-INDUCED PULMONARY TOXICITY
		CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED PULMONARY TOXICITY
	139 Cardiac Toxicity
		INTRODUCTION
		CHEMOTHERAPEUTICS
		RADIOTHERAPY-ASSOCIATED CARDIAC SEQUELAE
		CONCLUSION
	140 Hair Loss
		INTRODUCTION
		ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
		CLASSIFICATION
		DIAGNOSIS
		TREATMENT
	141 Gonadal Dysfunction
		INTRODUCTION
		EFFECTS OF CYTOTOXIC AGENTS ON ADULT MEN
		EFFECTS OF CYTOTOXIC AGENTS ON ADULT WOMEN
		EFFECTS OF CYTOTOXIC AGENTS ON CHILDREN
		GONADAL DYSFUNCTION AFTER CRANIAL IRRADIATION
		PRESERVATION OF FERTILITY, HORMONE LEVELS, AND SEXUAL FUNCTION
		PHARMACOLOGIC ATTEMPTS AT PRESERVING FERTILITY IN MEN
		PHARMACOLOGIC ATTEMPTS AT PRESERVING FERTILITY IN WOMEN
		FERTILITY PRESERVATION IN WOMEN WITH CERVICAL CANCER
		EVALUATION OF FERTILITY AFTER TREATMENT
		HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY
		PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF ERECTILE AND EJACULATORY DYSFUNCTION
		GENETIC CONCERNS
		Acknowledgments
	142 Fatigue
		INTRODUCTION
		DEFINITION AND ETIOLOGY OF CANCER-RELATED FATIGUE
		CURRENT THEORIES OF CANCER-RELATED FATIGUE
		EVALUATION OF THE PATIENT WITH CANCER-RELATED FATIGUE
		INTERVENTIONS FOR FATIGUE
		PHARMACOLOG IC MEASURES
		TREATMENT OF ANEMIA WITH ERYTHROPOIESIS-STIMULATING AGENTS
		EXERCISE
		MANAGEMENT OF CONCURRENT SYMPTOMS
		PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL INTERVENTIONS
		INTERVENTIONS TO IMPROVE SLEEP QUALITY
		STRUCTURED REHABILITATION
		INTEGRATIVE THERAPIES
		SUMMARY
	143 Second Cancers
		INTRODUCTION
		CARCINOGENICITY OF INDIVIDUAL TREATMENT MODALITIES
		GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO SECOND PRIMARY CANCERS
		RISK OF SECOND MALIGNANCY IN PATIENTS WITH SELECTED PRIMARY CANCERS
		PEDIATRIC MALIGNANCIES
		COMMENTS
	144 Neurocognitive Effects
		INTRODUCTION
		ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE FUNCTION
		IMPACT OF TUMOR
		IMPACT OF TREATMENT
		TREATMENT OF COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION
		CONCLUSION
	145 Cancer Survivorship
		INTRODUCTION
		DEFINITION OF SURVIVORSHIP AND SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM
		GOALS OF SURVIVORSHIP HEALTH CARE
		CARE PLANS
		DELIVERY OF FOLLOW-UP CARE AND BEST PRACTICE MODELS
		EDUCATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
		ENHANCING RESEARCH
		SURVIVORSHIP ADVOCACY
		CONCLUSION
PART VI Palliative and Alternative Care
	Section 1 Supportive Care and Quality of Life
		146 Management of Cancer Pain
			Introduction
			EPIDEMIOLOGY
			DEFINITION OF PAIN
			COMMON PAIN SYNDROMES
			MANAGEMENT OF CANCER PAIN
			PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACHES
			ANESTHETIC AND NEURO SURGICAL APPROACHES
			NEURO PHARMACOLOGIC APPROACHES
			NEUROABLATIVE AND NEUROSTIMULATORY PROCEDURES FOR THE RELIEF OF PAIN
			TRIGGER POINT INJECTION AND ACUPUNCTURE
			PHYSIATRIC APPROACHES
			ALGORITHM FOR CANCER PAIN MANAGEMENT
			FUTURE DIRECTIONS
		147 Nutritional Support
			BACKGROUND
			CAUSES OF MALNUTRITION IN CANCER PATIENT S
			CANCER CACHEXIA SYNDROME
			NUTRITION SCREENING AND ASSESSMENT
			PHARMACOTHERAPY OF CANCERASSOCIATED WEIGHT LOSS AND MALNUTRITION
			NUTRITION SUPPORT OF CANCER PATIENTS
			EFFECT OF NUTRITION SUPPORT ON TUMOR GROWTH
			GLYCEMIC CONTROL IN PATIENTS WITH CANCER
			PALLIATIVE NUTRITION SUPPORT IN PATIENTS NOT RECEIVING ANTICANCER TREATMENT
		148 Sexual Problems
			INTRODUCTION
			CANCER IN MEN
			CANCERS THAT AFFECT MEN AND WOMEN
			CANCER IN WOMEN
			CANCER IN CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS
			RELEVANT SOCIOCULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
			DISRUPTION OF INTIMACY AND RELATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
		149 Psychological Issues
			INTRODUCTION
			COMMON PSYCHIATRIC CONDITIONS
			SCREENING FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
			COPING
			TREATMENT INTERVENTIONS
			OUTCOME
			IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER PROGRESSION AND MORTALITY
			PSYCHOTROPIC MEDICATION
		150 Communicating News to the Cancer Patient
			INTRODUCTION
			PREVENTING ILLNESS
			COMMUNICATION
			EXPLANATIONS
			UNCOMFORTABLE QUESTIONS
			INFORMATION
			MEANING
			CAFETERIA EXPLANATIONS
		151 Specialized Care of the Terminally Ill
			INTRODUCTION
			INTERDISCIPLINARY CARE FOR PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED CANCER
			EARLY PALLIATIVE CARE
			COMMUNICATION
			SPECIFIC PROBLEMS IN THE SETTING OF ADVANCED CANCER
			DYSPNEA
			MALIGNANT BOWEL OBSTRUCTION
			MALIGNANT BILIARY OBSTRUCTION
			GASTRIC OUTLET OBSTRUCTION
			MALIGNANT ASCITES
			WOUNDS
			BLEEDING
			IMPENDING DEATH
		152 Rehabilitation of the Cancer Patient
			INTRODUCTION
			COMPLICATI ONS OF CANCER AND ITS TREATMENT
			NEUROMUSCULAR COMPLICATI ONS OF CANCER AND CANCER TREATMENT
			MUSCULOSKELETAL COMPLICATIONS OF CANCER AND CANCER TREATMENT
			RADIATION FIBROSIS SYNDROME
			HEAD AND NECK CANCER
			LYMPHEDEMA
			REHABILITATION INTERVENTIONS
			NONPHARMACOLOGIC PAIN MANAGEMENT
	Section 2 Complementary, Alternative, and Integrative Therapies
		153 
Complementary, Alternative, and Integrative Therapies in Cancer Care
			BACKGROUND
			ESTA BLISHING AN INTEGRATIVE ONCOLOGY APPROACH WITH PATIENT S
			STANDARDIZATION AND QUALITY
			SPECIFIC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE THERAPIES
Index