Developments in Intellectual Property Strategy: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence, Robotics and New Technologies

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Notes on Contributors
Artificial Intelligence Creations and Ownership – Who Should the Intellectual Property Belong To?
	1	 What Is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
	2	 Defining Artificial Intelligence Within Intellectual Property Law
	3	 EU Commission and Artificial Intelligence
	4	 So Where Does That Leave Us?
	5	 To DABUS or Not to DABUS
	6	 The Copyright and AI Battle
	7	 Can the Four-Step Test Be Applied to AI-Generated Outputs and Pave the Way for AI Ownership of Copyright?
	8	 Non-human Actors in the Originality Test
	9	 Artificial Intelligence: A Black Swan for Intellectual Property Systems?
	10	 Legal and Ethical Considerations
	11	 Trustworthy AI
	12	 Patent Offices and AI
	13	 AI in Copyright Law
	14	 AI in Patent Law
	15	 Alas, Who Should the Intellectual Property Belong To?
	References
Fostering Innovation by Utilising Big Data: The Data Act and the Risk of Quasi-Exclusivity Reinforcing Data Lockups
	1	 Introduction
	2	 Utilising the Value of Big Data: Innovation in the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR)
		2.1	 Big Data
		2.2	 The Importance of Big Data for Future Innovation in the 4IR
		2.3	 Unlocking the Value/Potential of Big Data
			2.3.1 Data Ownership
			2.3.2 A Right to Access
	3	 The EU Data Strategy and the Data Act
		3.1	 The European Data Strategy
		3.2	 The Data Act
			3.2.1 B2B and B2C Data Access
			3.2.2 B2G Data Access
			3.2.3 International Data Transfers, Interoperability Standards, and the Sui Generis Right
			3.2.4 Initial Critique of the Data Act
	4	 A de-Facto Exclusive Right to Data
		4.1	 The Problem with Exclusivity: Lessons from the Global Harmonisation of Intellectual Property Rights
		4.2	 An Exclusive Right to Data and the Problem of IP Overlaps
	5	 Conclusion
	References
Legal Nature of NFTed Artwork: A Comparative Study
	1	 Introduction
	2	 Blockchain and the Tokenisation of Artwork
		2.1	 The Blockchains: Private, Public and Consortium Chain
		2.2	 The Tokens: Fungible and Non-fungible
	3	 The Trading of Artworks
	4	 Legal Status of NFT: The Common Law Approaches
		4.1	 The United Kingdom
		4.2	 Singapore
	5	 Legal Status of NFT: The Civil Law Approaches
		5.1	 The Theoretical and Legislative Discussion
		5.2	 European Cases
		5.3	 Chinese Cases
	6	 Conclusions
	References
		Articles
		Book Chapters
		Cases
		English and Welsh Cases
		Singaporean Cases
		European Cases
		Others
Intellectual Property Regulation of Artificial Intelligence: A Matter of Time or a Step Too Far?
	1	 Introduction
	2	 AI and Copyright
		2.1	 Originality of Works Created by AI
		2.2	 Potential Legislative Lead Given by Computer-Generated Works
	3	 An Appropriate Mechanism to Use Copyright-Protected Works by AI
		3.1	 AI Creator Learning from Existing Copyright-Protected Works
		3.2	 Text and Data Mining (TDM) Exception
			3.2.1 Text and Data Mining Exception Promoted by the UK Government
			3.2.2 TDM Exception Not Allowing Rights Holders to Opt Out
			3.2.3 Potential New TDM regime
	4	 DABUS Case – A Milestone in Patent Case Law or an Unsuccessful AI Challenge to Patent Law
		4.1	 AI and Patent Law
		4.2	 United Kingdom
		4.3	 USA
		4.4	 Germany
		4.5	 South Africa
		4.6	 Australia
	5	 Conclusion
	References
An Artificial Intelligence Invention Protection Model
	1	 Introduction
	2	 Discussion
		2.1	 Legal Protection of AI Invention Based on Indonesia Patent Law
		2.2	 Comparative Studies on Protection of Artificial Intelligences Invention Between Indonesia, United States, and Japan Patent Law
		2.3	 An Artificial Intelligence Invention Protection Model
			2.3.1 Patent Law as ‘Law’
			2.3.2 Social Norm as ‘Norms’
			2.3.3 Stakeholder as ‘Market’
			2.3.4 Source Code of Computer Program as ‘Architecture’
	3	 Conclusion & Suggestion
		3.1	 Conclusion
		3.2	 Suggestion
	References
		Regulation
Care Robots for the Elderly: Legal, Ethical Considerations and Regulatory Strategies
	1	 Introduction
		1.1	 An Ageing Population
		1.2	 Ethical Complexities
		1.3	 Deception and Manipulation
		1.4	 The ‘Zombie Relationship’ Problem
	2	 Governance Framework for Care Robots
		2.1	 Legal Complexities and Considerations
		2.2	 User Health, Safety and Wellbeing
		2.3	 Data Security and Privacy Protection
		2.4	 Balancing Innovations, Market and Protecting User Safety
		2.5	 Regulatory Strategies and Options
	3	 Conclusion
	References
An Examination of the Tangible Value of IP Financing for Companies and Businesses
	1	 IP and Business
		1.1	 What Is an IP Audit?
		1.2	 Processes to Identify, Capture and Manage IP
		1.3	 Contents of an IP Audit
		1.4	 Patents Audit
		1.5	 Design Rights Audit
		1.6	 Trademarks Audit
	2	 Passing Off
	3	 Measuring the Value of Goodwill
		3.1	 Hidden Assets
		3.2	 Copyright Audit
	4	 IP Due Diligence
		4.1	 How Does IP Generate Revenue?
	5	 IP Valuation Approach
		5.1	 The Cost Method
		5.2	 The Income or Economic Benefit Method
		5.3	 The Market Value Approach
		5.4	 Exploiting Your IP
		5.5	 IP Financing and Emerging Technologies
	6	 In Conclusion: IP Financing for Businesses
	References
Transformative (Bio)technologies in Knowledge Societies: Of Patents and Intellectual Commons
	1	 Transformative Biotechnologies: Cell-Cultivation for Human Food Consumption
	2	 Saving the Intellectual Commons in Future Knowledge Societies
	3	 Patent Effectiveness and the WTO TRIPS
	4	 Conclusion
	References
Annexure: Table of Cases
Index