Development and Uses of Biofortified Agricultural Products

Development and Uses of Biofortified Agricultural Products......Page 2
Contents......Page 4
Foreword......Page 7
Acknowledgments......Page 9
The Editors......Page 10
Contributors......Page 12
1.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 16
1.2.1 IRON......Page 17
1.2.2 ZINC......Page 18
1.2.3 IODINE......Page 19
1.2.4 SELENIUM......Page 20
1.3 BIOFORTIFICATION WITH Fe, Zn, I, AND Se......Page 21
1.3.2 ZINC......Page 22
1.3.3 IODINE......Page 23
1.3.4 SELENIUM......Page 24
REFERENCES......Page 25
CONTENTS......Page 31
2.2.1 SELENIUM: ITS IMPORTANCE AND UNEVEN DISTRIBUTION......Page 32
2.2.2 GENETIC BIOFORTIFICATION OF WHEAT WITH SELENIUM: IS IT FEASIBLE?......Page 33
2.2.2.2 Genotypic Variation of Selenium Density in Modern Wheat Cultivars Is Difficult to Detect......Page 35
2.2.3.1 Selenate Effective in Increasing Grain Selenium Concentration......Page 36
2.2.3.3 Benefits of Agronomically Biofortified Selenium-Wheat......Page 38
2.3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 39
2.3.2 GROWTH CHAMBER PILOT TRIAL......Page 40
2.4.1.1 Shaanxi Province, China......Page 42
2.4.1.2 The Great Lakes, East Africa......Page 43
2.5.2 CHEMOPREVENTION: POTENTIAL FOR RISK REDUCTION AND EARLY-STAGE TREATMENT......Page 46
2.5.3 EFFECTIVENESS OF SELENIUM AS A CHEMOPREVENTIVE AGENT COMPARED TO OTHER NATURALLY OCCURRING COMPOUNDS......Page 47
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 51
REFERENCES......Page 52
3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 59
3.2 CHEMICAL BEHAVIORS OF SELENOCOMPOUNDS IN SOIL......Page 60
3.3 UPTAKE AND ACCUMULATION OF SELENIUM IN PLANTS......Page 61
3.4.1 SPECIATION OF SELENIUM IN PLANTS......Page 62
3.4.2 BIOTRANSFORMATION OF SELENIUM......Page 63
3.4.3 SPECIATION ANALYSIS METHODS AND TECHNICAL LIMITATIONS......Page 64
3.5 BIOFORTIFICATION OF SELENIUM IN RELATION TO SELENIUM SPECIATION......Page 65
REFERENCES......Page 66
4.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 71
4.2 METHODS/MATERIALS FOR EXPERIMENTAL SITES......Page 72
4.3.1 SELENIUM-ENRICHED BROCCOLI......Page 73
4.3.2 SELENIUM-ENRICHED ANIMAL FEED......Page 75
4.3.3 SELENIUM-ENRICHED SEED MEAL......Page 76
4.3.5.1 Biofumigant......Page 78
4.3.5.2 Biofuel......Page 81
REFERENCES......Page 82
CONTENTS......Page 85
5.2.1 VARIATION IN IRON AND ZINC IN THE EDIBLE PORTIONS OF PLANTS......Page 86
5.2.2.1 Historical Changes of Fe and Zn Concentration in Wheat Grain......Page 87
5.2.2.3 Improvement of Fe and Zn Nutrition of Dicot Plants by Intercropping with Graminaceous Species......Page 88
5.3 MICRONUTRIENT BIOFORTIFICATION STRATEGIES......Page 89
5.4.1.1 Iron Fertilization......Page 91
5.4.1.2 Zinc Fertilization......Page 92
5.4.2.1 Fe and Zn Availability in Soils......Page 95
5.4.2.3 Role of Root Growth......Page 96
5.4.2.5 Role of Root Exudates......Page 97
5.4.2.6 Role of Microbial-Plant Interactions......Page 98
5.4.3 MOLECULAR REGULATION OF Fe AND Zn HOMEOSTASIS IN PLANTS......Page 99
5.5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 100
REFERENCES......Page 101
6.1 INTRODUCTION: THE ROLE OF ZINC AS AN ESSENTIAL MICRONUTRIENT......Page 108
6.2 ZINC FERTILIZATION......Page 110
6.3 NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZATION......Page 115
6.4 MYCORRHIZAL EFFECTS AND PLANT–PLANT INTERACTIONS......Page 116
6.5 SOIL WATER REGIME......Page 118
6.6 ANTINUTRIENTS AND PROMOTERS OF FOOD ZINC BIOAVAILABILITY......Page 119
6.7 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ZINC AND CADMIUM......Page 120
REFERENCES......Page 122
7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 128
7.2.1.1 Nitrogen......Page 129
7.2.1.2 Other Inorganic Fertilizers......Page 131
7.2.1.4 Factors Controlling the Relationships between Fertilizer Nitrogen and Protein Content......Page 132
7.2.2 OIL......Page 133
7.2.3 MINERALS......Page 134
7.3 CROP ROTATION......Page 135
7.4.1 PROTEIN......Page 136
7.4.3 MINERALS......Page 137
7.6 IRRIGATION......Page 138
REFERENCES......Page 139
CONTENTS......Page 147
8.2.1 NITROGEN......Page 148
8.2.2 PHOSPHORUS......Page 149
8.2.3 SOLUBLE SALTS......Page 150
8.3.1 YIELD......Page 151
8.3.3 NITRATE......Page 152
8.3.4.1 Macrominerals......Page 153
8.3.4.2 Microminerals......Page 154
8.4.1 NITRATE......Page 155
8.5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 157
REFERENCES......Page 158
9.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 164
9.2 RESEARCH BACKGROUND......Page 165
9.3 ZINC \0娀渀 EFFICIENCY AMONG AEROBIC RICE VARIETIES......Page 166
9.4.1 ROLE OF ROOT GROWTH IN Zn UPTAKE......Page 169
9.4.2 ROLE OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAE IN Zn UPTAKE......Page 170
9.4.3 ROLE OF ROOT-INDUCED CHANGES IN RHIZOSPHERE......Page 171
9.4.4 TRADE-OFFS BETWEEN ROOT MYCORRHIZAS?ORGANIC ACIDS......Page 173
9.5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 176
REFERENCES......Page 177
10.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 182
10.2 GENETIC VARIABILITY OF MICRONUTRIENT CONTENT IN RICE GRAIN......Page 183
10.3 GENETIC COMBINING ABILITY ANALYSIS OF MICRONUTRIENT-DENSE TRAITS......Page 184
10.4 GENETIC COMPONENT OF HIGH IRON IN THE GRAIN......Page 188
10.5 BREEDING STRATEGIES TO ENHANCE MICRONUTRIENT CONTENT IN RICE......Page 189
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 190
REFERENCES......Page 191
11.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 192
11.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS......Page 195
11.3 RESULTS......Page 196
11.3.1 CONTRIBUTION OF RICE TO DAILY INTAKE OF Zn AND PHYTIC ACID FROM CHINESE DIETS......Page 197
11.3.2 UPTAKE OF Zn AS INFLUENCED BY CULTIVATION PRACTICES......Page 198
11.3.3 DISTRIBUTION OF Zn OVER PLANT ORGANS: POTENTIAL FOR Zn LOADING OF GRAINS......Page 202
11.3.4 DISTRIBUTION OF Zn WITHIN THE GRAIN: OPTIONS FOR FOOD PROCESSING......Page 204
11.4.1 SOIL–PLANT RELATIONS......Page 206
11.4.2 ALLOCATION AND REALLOCATION PROCESSES......Page 207
11.4.3 BREEDING......Page 208
11.4.4 DIETARY COMPOSITION AND FOOD PROCESSING......Page 210
REFERENCES......Page 211
12.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 215
12.2.1 PLANTS’ ROLE IN ERADICATING DEFICIENCIES......Page 216
12.2.1.1 Importance of Ferritin......Page 218
12.3 ROLE OF FERRITIN......Page 219
12.3.1 EXPRESSION OF PEA SEED FERRITIN cDNA IN INDIAN MUSTARD......Page 220
12.4 FERRITIN TRANSGENICS—OXIDATIVE STRESS......Page 224
REFERENCES......Page 227
13.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 231
13.2.1 FERRIC-CHELATE REDUCTASE......Page 232
13.2.2 IRON \0䘀攀 TRANSPORTERS......Page 233
13.3.1 FER IS A POSITIVE REGULATOR CONTROLLING Fe DEFICIENCY RESPONSES IN TOMATO......Page 234
13.3.2 FIT, AN ORTHOLOG OF TOMATO FER, IS INVOLVED IN CONTROLLING IRON UPTAKE IN ARABIDOPSIS......Page 235
13.4 CHLN IS REQUIRED IN DOWNREGULATION OF Fe DEFICIENCY RESPONSES IN TOMATO......Page 236
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 237
REFERENCES......Page 238
14.1 IMPROVING THE MICRONUTRIENT STATUS OF PLANTS AND PLANT PRODUCTS......Page 240
14.2.1 IRON HOMEOSTASIS......Page 242
14.2.2 ZINC HOMEOSTASIS......Page 244
14.2.3 REGULATION OF IRON AND ZINC HOMEOSTASIS......Page 245
14.3.1 PHENOTYPE SCREENING OF MUTANT COLLECTIONS......Page 246
14.3.2 REVERSE GENETICS TO IDENTIFY MINERAL HOMEOSTASIS MUTANTS......Page 247
14.5 COMPARATIVE GENOMICS OF METAL HYPERACCUMULATOR SPECIES......Page 248
14.6 QTL ANALYSIS ON NATURAL VARIATION......Page 250
14.7 STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVED IRON OR ZINC BIOFORTIFICATION THROUGH GENETIC MODIFICATION......Page 252
REFERENCES......Page 254
CONTENTS......Page 261
15.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 262
15.2.1 GREENHOUSE STUDY......Page 263
15.2.2.1 Phosphate Fertilizers and Soil......Page 264
15.3.1 EFFECTS OF PHOSPHOROUS FERTILIZERS ON BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND PHOSPHORUS ACCUMULATION IN SOIL AND PLANT......Page 265
15.3.2.1 Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Phosphate Fertilizers......Page 266
15.3.2.2 Cadmium, Arsenic, and Lead Accumulated in Soybean......Page 267
15.3.2.3 Regression Models Describing Effects of the Fertilizers on Heavy Metals in Soybean......Page 268
REFERENCES......Page 270
CONTENTS......Page 273
16.2.1 SELECTION AND DESCRIPTION OF MEDICINAL HERBS FOR STUDY......Page 274
16.2.2 NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS......Page 275
16.3.1 CONCENTRATIONS OF 20 TRACE ELEMENTS......Page 276
16.3.2 CHILDREN’S MAXIMUM DAILY INTAKE......Page 278
16.4.1 GERMANIUM CONTENTS......Page 279
16.4.2.1 Immunomodulatory Effect of Germanium......Page 281
16.4.4 BIOFORTIFIED PRODUCTS BY SOLID FERMENTATION......Page 282
REFERENCES......Page 283
17.1.1 NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF FOOD......Page 286
17.2.1 CALCIUM: FOUNDATION NUTRIENT......Page 287
REFERENCES......Page 288